Interferon-stimulated gene

An interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) is a gene that can be expressed in response to stimulation by interferon.[1][2] Interferons bind to receptors on the surface of a cell, initiating protein signaling pathways within the cell. This interaction leads to the expression of a subset of genes involved in the innate immune system response.[1] ISGs are commonly expressed in response to viral infection, but also during bacterial infection and in the presence of parasites.[2][1] It's currently estimated that 10% of the human genome is regulated by interferons (IFNs).[3] Interferon stimulated genes can act as an initial response to pathogen invasion, slowing down viral replication and increasing expression of immune signaling complexes.[4] There are three known types of interferon.[5] With approximately 450 genes highly expressed in response to interferon type I.[3] Type I interferon consists of INF-α, INF-β, INF-ω and is expressed in response to viral infection.[6] ISGs induced by type I interferon are associated with viral replication suppression and increase expression of immune signaling proteins.[7] Type II interferon consists only of INF-γ and is associated with controlling intracellular pathogens and tumor suppressor genes. Type III interferon consists of INF-λ and is associated with viral immune response and is key in anti-fungal neutrophil response.[8]

  1. ^ a b c Schneider WM, Chevillotte MD, Rice CM (2014-03-21). "Interferon-stimulated genes: a complex web of host defenses". Annual Review of Immunology. 32 (1): 513–45. doi:10.1146/annurev-immunol-032713-120231. PMC 4313732. PMID 24555472.
  2. ^ a b Sen GC, Sarkar SN (2007). "The Interferon-Stimulated Genes: Targets of Direct Signaling by Interferons, Double-Stranded RNA, and Viruses". Interferon: The 50th Anniversary. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. Vol. 316. pp. 233–50. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-71329-6_12. ISBN 978-3-540-71328-9. PMID 17969451.
  3. ^ a b Schoggins, John W. (2019-09-29). "Interferon-Stimulated Genes: What Do They All Do?". Annual Review of Virology. 6 (1): 567–584. doi:10.1146/annurev-virology-092818-015756. ISSN 2327-056X. PMID 31283436. S2CID 195844135.
  4. ^ Wang, Wenshi; Xu, Lei; Su, Junhong; Peppelenbosch, Maikel P.; Pan, Qiuwei (2017-07-01). "Transcriptional Regulation of Antiviral Interferon-Stimulated Genes". Trends in Microbiology. 25 (7): 573–584. doi:10.1016/j.tim.2017.01.001. ISSN 0966-842X. PMC 7127685. PMID 28139375. S2CID 3995163.
  5. ^ Zhou, Xiang; Michal, Jennifer J.; Zhang, Lifan; Ding, Bo; Lunney, Joan K.; Liu, Bang; Jiang, Zhihua (2013). "Interferon Induced IFIT Family Genes in Host Antiviral Defense". International Journal of Biological Sciences. 9 (2): 200–208. doi:10.7150/ijbs.5613. ISSN 1449-2288. PMC 3584916. PMID 23459883. S2CID 17545167.
  6. ^ Levy, David E; Marié, Isabelle J; Durbin, Joan E (December 2011). "Induction and function of type I and III interferon in response to viral infection". Current Opinion in Virology. 1 (6): 476–486. doi:10.1016/j.coviro.2011.11.001. ISSN 1879-6257. PMC 3272644. PMID 22323926.
  7. ^ Schoenborn, Jamie R.; Wilson, Christopher B. (2007), Regulation of Interferon-γ During Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses, Advances in Immunology, vol. 96, Elsevier, pp. 41–101, doi:10.1016/s0065-2776(07)96002-2, ISBN 9780123737090, PMID 17981204
  8. ^ Gaffen, Sarah (2017-10-11). "Faculty Opinions recommendation of Type III interferon is a critical regulator of innate antifungal immunity". doi:10.3410/f.731931654.793537605. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)