Intifada

Intifada (Arabic: انتفاضة, romanized: intifāḍah) is an Arabic word for a rebellion or uprising, or a resistance movement. It can be used to refer to an uprising against oppression.[1][2]

The word intifada was first used[clarification needed] in modern times in 1952, when Iraqi parties took to the streets to protest their monarchy, which was known as the Iraqi Intifada.[3] Other later examples include the Western Sahara's Zemla Intifada, the First Sahrawi Intifada, and the Second Sahrawi Intifada.[4] In the Israeli-Palestinian conflict context, it refers to uprising by Palestinian people against Israeli occupation or Israel, involving both violent and nonviolent methods of resistance, including the First Intifada (1987–1993) and the Second Intifada (2000–2005).[5][6][7]

In English-language usage, the word primarily refers to Palestinian uprisings against Israeli occupation.[8][9][10][11] In Arabic-language usage, any uprising can be referred to as an intifada, including the 1916 Easter Rising,[12] the 1943 Warsaw Ghetto Uprising,[13] and the 1949 Jeju uprising.[14]

  1. ^ Ute Meinel, Die Intifada im Ölscheichtum Bahrain: Hintergründe des Aufbegehrens von 1994–1998, LIT Verlag Münster, 2003 p.10: 'Der Begriff der Intifada, der die Vorstellung eines legitimen Ausbebegehrens gegen Unterdrückung enthält, ist gegenwärtig ein Schlüsselbegriff in der arabischen Welt, von dem eine grosse emotionale Anziehungskraft ausgeht.' (transl. 'The concept of the Intifada, which contains the idea of a legitimate protest against oppression, is currently a key concept in the Arab world and has a great emotional appeal')
  2. ^ Jack A. Goldstone (29 April 2015). The Encyclopedia of Political Revolutions. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-93765-2. Retrieved 3 May 2024. The word intifada means to throw off something that oppresses.
  3. ^ Cite error: The named reference II was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ Cite error: The named reference SI was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  5. ^ "What is an intifada?". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
  6. ^ Beauchamp, Zack (20 November 2018). "What were the intifadas?". Vox. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
  7. ^ "Intifadas: What you need to know – DW – 12/07/2017". DW. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
  8. ^ Araj, Bader; Brym, Robert J., Intifada at the Encyclopædia Britannica
  9. ^ Harper, Douglas. "Intifada". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 12 May 2024.
  10. ^ "Intifada". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/OED/8307098503. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  11. ^ Shulevitz, Judith (8 May 2024). "Listen to What They're Chanting". The Atlantic. Etymologically, intifada denotes a shaking-off, but in contemporary Arabic, it means an uprising: For instance, a 1952 uprising in Iraq against the Hashemite monarchy is referred to in Arabic as an intifada. But in English, including in English-language dictionaries and encyclopedias, the word refers primarily to two periods of sustained Palestinian revolt, the First and Second Intifadas.
  12. ^ Cite error: The named reference AJ1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  13. ^ Cite error: The named reference WGU was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  14. ^ Cite error: The named reference BBC1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).