J. Philippe Rushton

J. Philippe Rushton
J. Philippe Rushton
Born	John Philippe Rushton; December 3, 1943; Bournemouth, England
Died	October 2, 2012 (aged 68); London, Ontario, Canada
Nationality	Canadian
Education	Birkbeck College (BA); London School of Economics (PhD); University of London (DSc); University of Oxford
Known for	Race, Evolution, and Behavior (1995); Race and intelligence; Differential K theory
	Scientific career
Fields	Psychology, psychometrics
Institutions	York University; University of Toronto; University of Western Ontario

John Philippe Rushton (December 3, 1943 – October 2, 2012) was a Canadian psychologist and author. He taught at the University of Western Ontario until the early 1990s, and became known to the general public during the 1980s and 1990s for research on race and intelligence, race and crime, and other purported racial correlations.^[1]

Rushton's work has been heavily criticized by the scientific community for the questionable quality of its research,^[2] with many academics arguing that it was conducted under a racist agenda.^[3] From 2002 until his death, he served as the head of the Pioneer Fund, an organization founded in 1937 to promote eugenics,^[4]^[5] which has been described as racist and white supremacist in nature,^[6]^[7]^[8] and as a hate group by the Southern Poverty Law Center.^[9] He also published articles in and spoke at conferences organized by the white supremacist magazine American Renaissance.^[10]

Rushton was a Fellow of the Canadian Psychological Association^[11] and a onetime Fellow of the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation.^[12] In 2020, the Department of Psychology of the University of Western Ontario released a statement stating that "much of [Rushton's] research was racist", was "deeply flawed from a scientific standpoint", and "Rushton's legacy shows that the impact of flawed science lingers on, even after qualified scholars have condemned its scientific integrity."^[1]^[13] As of 2021, Rushton has had six research publications retracted for being scientifically flawed, unethical, and not replicable, and for advancing a racist agenda despite contradictory evidence.^[14]^[15]^[16]

^ ^a ^b "Statement from the Department of Psychology regarding research conducted by Dr. J. Philippe Rushton". Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario.
^
See, for example:
- Graves, J. L. (2002). "What a tangled web he weaves: Race, reproductive strategies and Rushton's life history theory". Anthropological Theory. 2 (2): 131–154. doi:10.1177/1469962002002002627. ISSN 1463-4996. S2CID 144377864.
- Brace, C. Loring (March 1996). "Review: Racialism and Racist Agendas". American Anthropologist. New Series. 98 (1): 176–7. doi:10.1525/aa.1996.98.1.02a00250. JSTOR 682972.
- Francisco Gil-White, Resurrecting Racism, Chapter 10 Archived 2012-06-18 at the Wayback Machine
- Anderson, Judith L. (1991). "Rushton's racial comparisons: An ecological critique of theory and method". Canadian Psychology. 32 (1): 51–62. doi:10.1037/h0078956. ISSN 1878-7304. S2CID 54854642.
- Douglas Wahlsten (2001) Book Review of Race, Evolution and Behavior
- Leslie, Charles (2002). New Horizons in Medical Anthropology. New York: Routledge. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-415-27793-8.
- Kuznar, Lawrence (1997). Reclaiming a Scientific Anthropology. Walnut Creek: AltaMira Press. p. 104. ISBN 978-0-7619-9114-4.
^
See, for example:
- Knudtson P. (1991), A Mirror to Nature: Reflections on Science, Scientists, and Society; Rushton on Race, Stoddart Publishing (ISBN 0773724672) pp 6, 168
- Neubeck, Kenneth (2001). Welfare Racism. New York: Routledge. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-415-92340-8.
- Perry, Barbara (2009). Hate Crimes. New York: Praeger. p. 112. ISBN 978-0-275-99569-0.
- Dobratz, Betty (2000). The White Separatist Movement in the United States. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-8018-6537-4.
- Spickard, Paul (2000). We Are a People. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. p. 16. ISBN 978-1-56639-723-0.
- Banyard, Philip (2005). Ethical Issues and Guidelines in Psychology. New York: Routledge. p. 54. ISBN 978-0-415-26881-3.
- Falk, Avner (2008). Anti-Semitism. New York: Praeger. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-313-35384-0.
- Lemke, Thomas (2011). Biopolitics: an Advanced Introduction. City: NYU PRESS. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-8147-5242-5.
- Fairchild, Halford H. (1991). "Scientific Racism: The Cloak of Objectivity". Journal of Social Issues. 47 (3): 101–115. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1991.tb01825.x. ISSN 0022-4537.
- From Student Resistance to Embracing the Sociological Imagination: Unmasking Privilege, Social Conventions, and Racism, Haddad, Angela T.; Lieberman, Leonard, Teaching Sociology, v30 n3 p328 41 Jul 2002
^ Saini, Angela (2019). Superior: The Return of Race Science. Beacon Press. p. 64. ISBN 9780807076910.
^ Lombardo, Paul A. (2002). "'The American Breed': Nazi Eugenics and the Origins of the Pioneer Fund". Albany Law Review. 65 (3): 743–830. PMID 11998853. SSRN 313820.
^ Falk, Avner (2008). Anti-semitism: a history and psychoanalysis of contemporary hatred. ABC-CLIO. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-313-35384-0.
^
Tucker, William H. (2002). The Funding of Scientific Racism: Wickliffe Draper and the Pioneer Fund. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-07463-9.
- Diane B. Paul (Winter 2003). "The Funding of Scientific Racism: Wickliffe Draper and the Pioneer Fund (review)". Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 77 (4): 972–974. doi:10.1353/bhm.2003.0186. S2CID 58477478.
^ Wroe, Andrew (2008). The Republican party and immigration politics: from Proposition 187 to George W. Bush. Springer. p. 81. ISBN 978-0-230-61108-5.
^ Berlet, Chip (August 14, 2003). "Into the Mainstream; An array of right-wing foundations and think tanks support efforts to make bigoted and discredited ideas respectable". Southern Poverty Law Center.
^ "40 to Watch". www.splcenter.org. Archived from the original on 2006-12-31.
^ CPA Fellows.
^ "Jean-Philippe Rushton".
^ "Psychology journal retracts two articles for being "unethical, scientifically flawed, and based on racist ideas and agenda"". Retraction Watch. 29 December 2020.
^ "Retraction Watch Database". Retraction Watch. Center for Scientific Integrity. Retrieved 2021-09-08.
^ "Journal retracts more articles for being "unethical, scientifically flawed, and based on racist ideas and agenda"". Retraction Watch. 25 August 2021.
^ Cite error: The named reference Retraction Notice was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[:0-1] "Statement from the Department of Psychology regarding research conducted by Dr. J. Philippe Rushton". Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario.

[2] See, for example:
Graves, J. L. (2002). "What a tangled web he weaves: Race, reproductive strategies and Rushton's life history theory". Anthropological Theory. 2 (2): 131–154. doi:10.1177/1469962002002002627. ISSN 1463-4996. S2CID 144377864.

Brace, C. Loring (March 1996). "Review: Racialism and Racist Agendas". American Anthropologist. New Series. 98 (1): 176–7. doi:10.1525/aa.1996.98.1.02a00250. JSTOR 682972.

Francisco Gil-White, Resurrecting Racism, Chapter 10 Archived 2012-06-18 at the Wayback Machine

Anderson, Judith L. (1991). "Rushton's racial comparisons: An ecological critique of theory and method". Canadian Psychology. 32 (1): 51–62. doi:10.1037/h0078956. ISSN 1878-7304. S2CID 54854642.

Douglas Wahlsten (2001) Book Review of Race, Evolution and Behavior

Leslie, Charles (2002). New Horizons in Medical Anthropology. New York: Routledge. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-415-27793-8.

Kuznar, Lawrence (1997). Reclaiming a Scientific Anthropology. Walnut Creek: AltaMira Press. p. 104. ISBN 978-0-7619-9114-4.

[3] Graves, J. L. (2002). "What a tangled web he weaves: Race, reproductive strategies and Rushton's life history theory". Anthropological Theory. 2 (2): 131–154. doi:10.1177/1469962002002002627. ISSN 1463-4996. S2CID 144377864.

[4] Brace, C. Loring (March 1996). "Review: Racialism and Racist Agendas". American Anthropologist. New Series. 98 (1): 176–7. doi:10.1525/aa.1996.98.1.02a00250. JSTOR 682972.

[5] Francisco Gil-White, Resurrecting Racism, Chapter 10 Archived 2012-06-18 at the Wayback Machine

[6] Anderson, Judith L. (1991). "Rushton's racial comparisons: An ecological critique of theory and method". Canadian Psychology. 32 (1): 51–62. doi:10.1037/h0078956. ISSN 1878-7304. S2CID 54854642.

[7] Douglas Wahlsten (2001) Book Review of Race, Evolution and Behavior

[8] Leslie, Charles (2002). New Horizons in Medical Anthropology. New York: Routledge. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-415-27793-8.

[9] Kuznar, Lawrence (1997). Reclaiming a Scientific Anthropology. Walnut Creek: AltaMira Press. p. 104. ISBN 978-0-7619-9114-4.

[3] See, for example:
Knudtson P. (1991), A Mirror to Nature: Reflections on Science, Scientists, and Society; Rushton on Race, Stoddart Publishing (ISBN 0773724672) pp 6, 168

Neubeck, Kenneth (2001). Welfare Racism. New York: Routledge. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-415-92340-8.

Perry, Barbara (2009). Hate Crimes. New York: Praeger. p. 112. ISBN 978-0-275-99569-0.

Dobratz, Betty (2000). The White Separatist Movement in the United States. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-8018-6537-4.

Spickard, Paul (2000). We Are a People. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. p. 16. ISBN 978-1-56639-723-0.

Banyard, Philip (2005). Ethical Issues and Guidelines in Psychology. New York: Routledge. p. 54. ISBN 978-0-415-26881-3.

Falk, Avner (2008). Anti-Semitism. New York: Praeger. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-313-35384-0.

Lemke, Thomas (2011). Biopolitics: an Advanced Introduction. City: NYU PRESS. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-8147-5242-5.

Fairchild, Halford H. (1991). "Scientific Racism: The Cloak of Objectivity". Journal of Social Issues. 47 (3): 101–115. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1991.tb01825.x. ISSN 0022-4537.

From Student Resistance to Embracing the Sociological Imagination: Unmasking Privilege, Social Conventions, and Racism, Haddad, Angela T.; Lieberman, Leonard, Teaching Sociology, v30 n3 p328 41 Jul 2002

[11] Knudtson P. (1991), A Mirror to Nature: Reflections on Science, Scientists, and Society; Rushton on Race, Stoddart Publishing (ISBN 0773724672) pp 6, 168

[12] Neubeck, Kenneth (2001). Welfare Racism. New York: Routledge. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-415-92340-8.

[13] Perry, Barbara (2009). Hate Crimes. New York: Praeger. p. 112. ISBN 978-0-275-99569-0.

[14] Dobratz, Betty (2000). The White Separatist Movement in the United States. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-8018-6537-4.

[15] Spickard, Paul (2000). We Are a People. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. p. 16. ISBN 978-1-56639-723-0.

[16] Banyard, Philip (2005). Ethical Issues and Guidelines in Psychology. New York: Routledge. p. 54. ISBN 978-0-415-26881-3.

[17] Falk, Avner (2008). Anti-Semitism. New York: Praeger. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-313-35384-0.

[18] Lemke, Thomas (2011). Biopolitics: an Advanced Introduction. City: NYU PRESS. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-8147-5242-5.

[19] Fairchild, Halford H. (1991). "Scientific Racism: The Cloak of Objectivity". Journal of Social Issues. 47 (3): 101–115. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1991.tb01825.x. ISSN 0022-4537.

[20] From Student Resistance to Embracing the Sociological Imagination: Unmasking Privilege, Social Conventions, and Racism, Haddad, Angela T.; Lieberman, Leonard, Teaching Sociology, v30 n3 p328 41 Jul 2002

[4] Saini, Angela (2019). Superior: The Return of Race Science. Beacon Press. p. 64. ISBN 9780807076910.

[Lombardo-5] Lombardo, Paul A. (2002). "'The American Breed': Nazi Eugenics and the Origins of the Pioneer Fund". Albany Law Review. 65 (3): 743–830. PMID 11998853. SSRN 313820.

[6] Falk, Avner (2008). Anti-semitism: a history and psychoanalysis of contemporary hatred. ABC-CLIO. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-313-35384-0.

[Tucker2002-7] Tucker, William H. (2002). The Funding of Scientific Racism: Wickliffe Draper and the Pioneer Fund. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-07463-9.
Diane B. Paul (Winter 2003). "The Funding of Scientific Racism: Wickliffe Draper and the Pioneer Fund (review)". Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 77 (4): 972–974. doi:10.1353/bhm.2003.0186. S2CID 58477478.

[25] Diane B. Paul (Winter 2003). "The Funding of Scientific Racism: Wickliffe Draper and the Pioneer Fund (review)". Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 77 (4): 972–974. doi:10.1353/bhm.2003.0186. S2CID 58477478.

[8] Wroe, Andrew (2008). The Republican party and immigration politics: from Proposition 187 to George W. Bush. Springer. p. 81. ISBN 978-0-230-61108-5.

[Berlet2-9] Berlet, Chip (August 14, 2003). "Into the Mainstream; An array of right-wing foundations and think tanks support efforts to make bigoted and discredited ideas respectable". Southern Poverty Law Center.

[10] "40 to Watch". www.splcenter.org. Archived from the original on 2006-12-31.

[11] CPA Fellows.

[12] "Jean-Philippe Rushton".

[:1-13] "Psychology journal retracts two articles for being "unethical, scientifically flawed, and based on racist ideas and agenda"". Retraction Watch. 29 December 2020.

[14] "Retraction Watch Database". Retraction Watch. Center for Scientific Integrity. Retrieved 2021-09-08.

[:2-15] "Journal retracts more articles for being "unethical, scientifically flawed, and based on racist ideas and agenda"". Retraction Watch. 25 August 2021.

[Retraction_Notice-16] Cite error: The named reference Retraction Notice was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

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J. Philippe Rushton
Born	John Philippe Rushton (1943-12-03)December 3, 1943 Bournemouth, England
Died	October 2, 2012(2012-10-02) (aged 68) London, Ontario, Canada
Nationality	Canadian
Education	Birkbeck College (BA) London School of Economics (PhD) University of London (DSc) University of Oxford
Known for	Race, Evolution, and Behavior (1995) Race and intelligence Differential K theory
Scientific career
Fields	Psychology, psychometrics
Institutions	York University University of Toronto University of Western Ontario