Junonia evarete

"Tropical buckeye" redirects here. For the mangrove buckeye, sometimes referred to as tropical buckeye, see Junonia genoveva.

Tropical buckeye
dorsal side – French Guiana
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Lepidoptera
Family: Nymphalidae
Genus: Junonia
Species:
J. evarete
Binomial name
Junonia evarete
(Cramer, [1779])
Synonyms
  • Papilio lavinia Cramer, 1775
  • Papilio cortes Herbst, 1796
  • Papilio esra Fabricius, 1798
  • Junonia divaricata C. Felder & R. Felder, 1867
  • Junonia lavinia arenosa Forbes, [1929]
  • Junonia nigrosuffusa Barnes & McDunnough, 1916
  • and others

Junonia evarete (Cramer, 1779), the tropical buckeye or South American tropical buckeye, is a South American butterfly of the nymphalid (Nymphalidae) family.[1] It has characteristic eye spots on the wings, which have a wingspan between 4.5 and 6.5 cm (1.8 and 2.6 in). This butterfly is easily confused with Junonia genoveva, the mangrove buckeye. Not only have the common names mangrove and tropical buckeye been confused, but the butterflies themselves have been sometimes misidentified in past literature because the two species have many variations, subspecies and seasonal forms, which makes them difficult to identify or differentiate.[2][3] Phylogenetic studies demonstrate the separation of evarete and genoveva,[4] but evidence suggests that subspecies and perhaps more species await their descriptions within this group.[5][6][7]

  1. ^ Cite error: The named reference Cong2020 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. ^ Cite error: The named reference Askew2008 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  3. ^ Cite error: The named reference Calhoun2010 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ Kodandaramaiah, U.; Wahlberg, N. (2007). "Out-of-Africa origin and dispersal-mediated diversification of the butterfly genus Junonia (Nymphalidae: Nymphalinae)". Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 20 (8): 2181–91. doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2007.01425.x. PMID 17887973. S2CID 4992125.
  5. ^ Cite error: The named reference Neild2008 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  6. ^ Brévignon, C. (2004). Description de deux nouvelles sous-espèces guadeloupéennes du genre Junonia Hübner, 1819 (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Nymphalinae) (in French). Vol. 104. Belgium: Lambillionea. pp. 72–80.
  7. ^ Lamas, G.; Callaghan, Curtis J. (2004). "Checklist: Part 4A: Hesperioidea – Papilionoidea". In Heppner, J. B. (ed.). Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Vol. 5A. Gainesville, Florida: Scientific Publishers Association for Tropical Lepidoptera.