Beer keg registration is a legal requirement in some U.S. states and localities that identification tags or labels be affixed to beer kegs upon retail sale. They often consist of requirements that tags and records retained by the retailer list the name and address of the purchaser, the date and location where the beer will be served, and other information. These laws vary widely in their specifics and enforcement. There appears to have been little academic study of the efficacy[clarification needed] of beer keg registration laws.[1]