Kingdom of Navarre

This article is about the medieval kingdom. For the modern Spanish province and autonomous community, see Navarre.
Kingdom of Navarre
Nafarroako Erresuma (Basque)
Reino de Navarra (Spanish)
Royaume de Navarre (French)
Reiaume de Navarra (Occitan)
Regnum Navarrae (Latin)
824 (traditional)–1841
The Kingdom of Navarre in Europe, 1190
The Kingdom of Navarre in Europe, 1190
CapitalPamplona (Basque: Iruña)
42°49′01″N 1°38′34″W / 42.81694°N 1.64278°W / 42.81694; -1.64278
Common languages
Religion
Majority religion:

Minority religions:

GovernmentFeudal monarchy
Monarch 
• 824–851/2
Íñigo Arista (first)
• 1610–1620
Louis II (last. French kingdom)
• 1830–1841
Isabel II of Spain (last. Spanish kingdom)
Historical eraMiddle Ages
• Established
824
• Disestablished
1841
Area
1300[6]10,000 km2 (3,900 sq mi)
Population
• 1300[6]
100,000
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Duchy of Gascony
Kingdom of France
Upper March
Emirate of Córdoba
Kingdom of France
Crown of Castile
Crown of Aragon
Kingdom of Spain
Today part ofSpain
France

The Kingdom of Navarre (/nəˈvɑːr/ nə-VAR),[7] originally the Kingdom of Pamplona occupied lands on both sides of the western Pyrenees, with its northernmost areas originally reaching the Atlantic Ocean (Bay of Biscay), between present-day Spain and France.[8][9]

The medieval state took form around the city of Pamplona during the first centuries of the Iberian Reconquista. The kingdom had its origins in the conflict in the buffer region between the Carolingian Empire and the Ummayad Emirate of Córdoba that controlled most of the Iberian Peninsula. The city of Pamplona (Latin: Pompaelo; Basque: Iruña), had been the main city of the indigenous Vasconic population and was located in a predominantly Basque-speaking area.[10]

In an event traditionally dated to 824, Íñigo Arista was elected or declared ruler of the area around Pamplona in opposition to Frankish expansion into the region, originally as vassal to the Córdoba emirate. This polity evolved into the Kingdom of Pamplona. A series of partitions and dynastic changes led to a diminution of its territory and to periods of rule by the kings of Aragon (1054–1134) and France (1285–1328).

In the 15th century, another dynastic dispute over control by the king of Aragon led to internal divisions and the eventual conquest of the southern part of the kingdom by Ferdinand II of Aragon in 1512 (permanently annexed in 1524). It was annexed by the Courts of Castile to the Crown of Castile in 1515 as a separate kingdom with its own Courts and judiciary until 1841.

The remaining northern part of the kingdom was once again joined with France by personal union in 1589 when King Henry III of Navarre inherited the French throne as Henry IV of France, and in 1620 it was merged into the Kingdom of France. The monarchs of this unified state took the title "King of France and Navarre" until its fall in the French Revolution, and again during the Bourbon Restoration from 1814 until 1830 (with a brief interregnum in 1815).

The ancient Kingdom of Navarre covered, at its greatest extent, approximately the modern-day Spanish autonomous communities of Navarre, Basque Country and La Rioja and the French territory of Lower Navarre in Pyrénées-Atlantiques.

  1. ^ a b c Amorrortu, Estibaliz. Basque Sociolinguistics: Language, Society, and Culture. University of Nevada Press, 2003, 14 note5.
  2. ^ Trask 1997, p. 427; Harvey, L. P. (1996). Muslims in Spain, 1500 to 1614. Chicago: Chicago University Press. pp. 124–125. ISBN 978-0-226-31964-3.
  3. ^ Jurio, Jimeno (1995). Historia de Pamplona y de sus Lenguas. Tafalla: Txalaparta. pp. 82, 138, 175–177. ISBN 84-8136-017-1.
  4. ^ Harvey, L. P. (1996). Muslims in Spain, 1500 to 1614. Chicago: Chicago University Press. p. 125. ISBN 978-0-226-31964-3.; Ciervide Martinena, Ricardo Javier (1980). "Toponimia navarra: historia y lengua". Fontes Linguae Vasconum (34): 90, 91, 102. Retrieved 2016-10-30.
  5. ^ Force, Pierre (2016). Wealth and Disaster: Atlantic Migrations from a Pyrenean Town in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. Hopkins Press - Johns Hopkins University. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-4214-2129-2.
  6. ^ a b Reilly, Bernard F. (1993). The Medieval Spains. Cambridge University Press. p. 139. ISBN 978-0-521-39741-4. The new kingdom of Castile had roughly tripled in size to some 335,000 square kilometers by 1300 but, at the same time, its population had increased by the same factor, from one to three millions [...] Little Navarre with its area of only 10,000 square kilometers and some 100,000 people still had a Muslim minority of about 10,000.
  7. ^ Basque: Nafarroako Erresuma; Spanish: Reino de Navarra; French: Royaume de Navarre; Occitan: Reiaume de Navarra; Latin: Regnum Navarrae
  8. ^ Middleton, John (2015-06-01). World Monarchies and Dynasties. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-45158-7.; NA, NA (2016-04-30). Medieval Queenship. Springer. ISBN 978-1-137-08859-8.; Collins, Roger (2012-05-07). Caliphs and Kings: Spain, 796-1031. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-631-18184-2.; Trask 1997.
  9. ^ Cite error: The named reference britannica was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  10. ^ Trask 1997, p. 427; Collins, R. 1989, p. 159.