Kingdom of Tungning

Kingdom of Tungning 東寧國[a] Tang-lêng Kok (Hokkien) Tûng-nèn Koet (Hakka)
1661–1683
Location of the Kingdom of Tungning, and   settlements
The territories ever controlled by the maritime force of the Zheng dynasty depicting in red, its historical sphere of influence shown in peach
Status	A princedom (郡王國) owing allegiance to the Southern Ming
Capital	Anping (present-day Tainan)
Common languages	Hokkien, Hakka, Siraya language
Government	Monarchy
Prince of Yanping
• 1661–1662	Zheng Chenggong
• 1662–1681	Zheng Jing
• 1681–1683	Zheng Keshuang
History
• Established	14 June 1661
• Surrender to the Qing	5 September 1683
Population
• 1664	140,000
• 1683	200,000
Currency	Silver tael (Spanish dollar) and copper cash coin
Preceded by Succeeded by Dutch Formosa Southern Ming Taiwan under Qing rule
Today part of	Republic of China (Taiwan) People's Republic of China (Xiamen)[1]

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The Kingdom of Tungning,^[a] also known as Tywan, was a dynastic maritime state that ruled part of southwestern Taiwan and the Penghu islands between 1661 and 1683. It is the first predominantly ethnic Han state in Taiwanese history. At its zenith, the kingdom's maritime power dominated varying extents of coastal regions of southeastern China and controlled the major sea lanes across both China Seas, and its vast trade network stretched from Japan to Southeast Asia.

The kingdom was founded by Koxinga (Zheng Chenggong) after seizing control of Taiwan from Dutch rule. Zheng hoped to restore the Ming dynasty in Mainland China, when the Ming remnants' rump state in southern China was progressively conquered by the Manchu-led Qing dynasty. The Zheng dynasty used the island of Taiwan as a military base for their Ming loyalist movement which aimed to reclaim mainland China from the Qing. Under Zheng rule, Taiwan underwent a process of sinicization in an effort to consolidate the last stronghold of Han Chinese resistance against the invading Manchus. Until its annexation by the Qing dynasty in 1683, the kingdom was ruled by Koxinga's heirs, the House of Koxinga, and the period of rule is sometimes referred to as the Koxinga dynasty or the Zheng dynasty.^[5][6][7]

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