Kongo-Wara rebellion

Kongo-Wara rebellion
Date1928–1931
Location
French Equatorial Africa, French Cameroon
Result Rebellion defeated
Belligerents

Gbaya people and clans[1]

Co-belligerents:
Mbum people
Mbai people
Pana people
Yangere people
Mbimou people

Goundi people

France France[1]

Fula people

Co-belligerents:

Gbaya chiefdoms
Commanders and leaders
Karnou †
Bissi
Yandjere		 Governor Auguste Lamblin
Paul Germain
Gaëtan Germain
Pierre Crubillé
Lt. Émile Boutin
Strength
290,000 villagers
60,000 warriors		 unknown
Casualties and losses
10,000-100,000[2] unknown

The Kongo-Wara rebellion, also known as the War of the Hoe Handle[3] and the Baya War,[4] was a rural, anticolonial rebellion in the former colonies of French Equatorial Africa and French Cameroon which began as a result of recruitment of the native population in railway construction and rubber tapping.[5] It was a large colonial uprising but also among the least well-known uprisings during the interwar period.[6] Much of the conflict took place in what is now part of the Central African Republic.

  1. ^ a b Burnham, Philip; Christensen, Thomas (1983). "Karnu's Message and the 'War of the Hoe Handle': Interpreting a Central African Resistance Movement". Africa: Journal of the International African Institute. 53 (4): 3–22. doi:10.2307/1159708. JSTOR 1159708. S2CID 145474688.
  2. ^ Middleton, John (1997). Encyclopedia of Africa south of the Sahara. New York: C. Scribner's Sons. pp. 163. ISBN 0684804662.
  3. ^ Giles-Vernick, Tamara (2002). Cutting the Vines of the Past: Environmental Histories of the Central African Rain Forest (1. publ. ed.). Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press. p. 31. ISBN 0813921031.
  4. ^ Kalck, Pierre (2005). Historical dictionary of the Central African Republic (3rd ed.). Lanham (Md.): Scarecrow Press. p. xxviii. ISBN 0810849135.
  5. ^ Fage, J.D.; Oliver, Roland Anthony (1986). The Cambridge history of Africa (Reprint ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 397. ISBN 0521225051.
  6. ^ Thomas, Martin (2005). The French empire between the wars: imperialism, politics and society. Manchester: Manchester Univ. Press. pp. 211–244, 279, 350. ISBN 9780719065187.