Kulintang

This article is about the traditional instrument. For the Philippine province, see Kumintang. For the Taiwanese political party, see Kuomintang.
Kulintang
A kulintang ensemble of the Maranao people with elaborate okir carvings in the Museum of the Filipino People
Other namesCalculintang, Gulingtangan, Kolintang, Kulintangan, Totobuang
Classification
DevelopedJavanese influence, Brunei,[1][2]Indonesia,[3][4][5] Malaysia,[6] Philippines[7][8] and East Timor
Playing range
Pelog and Slendro scales
Related instruments
bonang,[9] kenong, canang, keromong,[10] kromong, kethuk,[11] trompong/terompong, rejong, talempong,[12] chalempung, caklempong/caklempung,[10] khong wong yai/khong wong lek, khong toch/ khong thom, khong vong, krewaing/krewong[5]
More articles or information
Kulintang ensemble
Stylistic originsMusic of Southeast Asia • Music of Brunei• Music of Indonesia • Music of Malaysia • Music of Philippines • Music of East Timor
Cultural originsBrunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Southern Philippines, East Timor
Typical instrumentsKulintang • Agung • Gandingan • Babandil • Dabakan
Various hanging Gongs (gong ageng, gong suwukan, kempul) of Gamelan in Indonesia
Music of Indonesia
Genres
Specific forms
Regional music

Kulintang (Indonesian: kolintang,[13] Malay: kulintangan[14]) is a modern term for an ancient instrumental form of music composed on a row of small, horizontally laid gongs that function melodically, accompanied by larger, suspended gongs and drums. As part of the larger gong-chime culture of Southeast Asia, kulintang music ensembles have been playing for many centuries in regions of the Southern Philippines, Eastern Malaysia, Eastern Indonesia, Brunei and Timor,[15] Kulintang evolved from a simple native signaling tradition, and developed into its present form with the incorporation of knobbed gongs from Sundanese people in Java Island, Indonesia.[5] Its importance stems from its association with the indigenous cultures that inhabited these islands prior to the influences of Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam, Christianity or the West, making kulintang the most developed tradition of Southeast Asian archaic gong-chime ensembles.

Technically, kulintang is the Maguindanaon, Lumad Ternate, Mollucas, and Timor term for the idiophone of metal gong kettles which are laid horizontally upon a rack to create an entire kulintang set.[16] It is played by striking the bosses of the gongs with two wooden beaters. Due to its use across a wide variety groups and languages, the kulintang is also called kolintang by the people of Maranao and Sulawesi, kulintango by Mongondow,[17] totobuang by those in central Maluku, kulintangan and gulintangan by those in Brunei, Sabah, North Kalimantan and the Sulu Archipelago.[18] Gulintangan or gulingtangan literally means rolling hands in Brunei, Sabah and Sulu.[19]

By the twentieth century, the term kulintang had a come to denote an entire Maguindanao ensemble of five to six instruments.[20] Traditionally the Maguindanao term for the entire ensemble is basalen or palabunibunyan, the latter term meaning “an ensemble of loud instruments” or “music-making” or in this case “music-making using a kulintang.”[21]

  1. ^ Brunei. Jabatan Penyiaran dan Penerangan, ed. (1985). Brunei Darussalam, Issues 1-41. Department of Information, Ministry of Culture, Youth and Sports, Brunei Darussalam.
  2. ^ Matussin bin Omar, ed. (1981). Archaeological Excavations in Protohistoric Brunei Penerbitan khas. Muzium Brunei.
  3. ^ Sachs, Curt. The History of Musical Instruments. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., Inc, 1940.
  4. ^ Kunst, Jaap. Music in Java. 2. Netherlands: The Hague, 1949.
  5. ^ a b c Cadar, Usopay Hamdag (1971). The Maranao Kolintang Music: An Analysis of the Instruments, Musical Organization, Ethmologies, and Historical Documents. Seattle, WA: University of Washington.
  6. ^ KULINTANGAN: A STUDY OF PRODUCTION PROCESS 2019Adsone Matthew Mitty Gabu Gabu10.35631/ijham.25007International Journal of Heritage, Art and Multimedia
  7. ^ Abdullah, Samsuddin N. PhD. (2020) History, development and influence of kulintang music to the cultural heritage (adat-betad) of Maguindanaon.
  8. ^ Tremillio, Ricardo (1972). Tradition and repertoire in the cultivated music of the Tausug of Sulu, Philippines
  9. ^ Frame, Edward M.. "The Musical Instruments of Sabah, Malaysia." Ethnomusicology 26(1982):
  10. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Matusky2 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  11. ^ "Ethnic Music". Embassy of the Republic of Indonesia in Berlin – Germany. 2007. Archived from the original on July 19, 2011. Retrieved February 22, 2007.
  12. ^ Maceda, Jose. Gongs and Bamboo: A Panorama of Philippine Music Instruments. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press, 1998.
  13. ^ "Kolintang". Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (in Indonesian). kolintang /ko·lin.tang/ n Mus alat musik pukul yang terdiri atas bilah-bilah kayu yang disusun berderet dan dipasang di atas sebuah bak kayu (seperti gambang), terutama terdapat di Sulawesi Utara
  14. ^ Matusky, Patricia (2015). "Kulintangan". Oxford Music Online. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.L2281450. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Gong chime of Sabah, Malaysia. Found throughout Sabah, but especially in the coastal communities, the kulintangan is a set of small, brass, pot-shaped bossed gongs placed horizontally (with boss upward) in a single row in a wooden frame. Along the west coast seven to nine gongs constitute a set, and on the east coast a set can have five to seven or more gongs. Sometimes the gongs are decorated with embossed geometric patterns. The player sits on the floor before the frame and plays the gongs with a pair of wooden beaters
  15. ^ Amin, Mohammad (2005). "A Comparison of Music of the Philippines and Sulawesi". Sulawesi. Retrieved February 22, 2007.
  16. ^ Benitez, Kristina. The Maguindanaon Kulintang: Musical Innovation, Transformation and the Concept of Binalig. Ann Harbor, MI: University of Michigan, 2005.
  17. ^ Prasetyadi, Kristian Oka (2021-12-11). "Menabuh Kulintango, Menyelamatkan Bintauna". kompas.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2023-11-07.
  18. ^ Cadar, Usopay H.. "The Role of Kolintang Music in Maranao Society." Asian Music Vol. 27, No. 2. (Spring – Summer, 1996), pp. 80–103.
  19. ^ "Silat martial ritual initiation in Brunei Darussalam" (PDF).
  20. ^ Cadar, Usopay Hamdag. "Maranao Kolintang Music and Its Journey in America." Asian Music 27(1996): 131–146.
  21. ^ Butocan, Aga Mayo (2007). "Maguindanao Kulintang". Tao Music. Archived from the original on July 5, 2007. Retrieved February 22, 2007.