| Kumul Rebellion | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Xinjiang Wars | ||||||||
 Turkic conscripts of the New 36th Division near Kumul | ||||||||
| ||||||||
| Belligerents | ||||||||
 China  Ma Clique Kumul Khanate Supported by:  Mongolian People's Republic (supporting only Kumul)[1] |
 Xinjiang clique  White Movement  Soviet Union |
 East Turkestan Supported by:  Japan[2] United Kingdom[3] Afghanistan[4] | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | ||||||||
|
Chiang Kai-Shek Ma Zhongying Ma Hushan Ma Zhancang Zhang Peiyuan Huang Shaohong Yulbars Khan Khoja Niyas (Until July 1933)  Kamal Efendi |
Jin Shuren Zhang Peiyuan Sheng Shicai Khoja Niyas(After July 1933) Pavel Pappengut Ma Shaowu (anti-Russian) Joseph Stalin Mikhail Frinovsky[5] |
Muhsin Çapanoğlu Mahmud Nedim Bay Hirohito | ||||||
| Units involved | ||||||||
|
|
| ||||||
| Strength | ||||||||
|
Around 10,000 Chinese Muslim cavalry and infantry 15,000 Chinese Several thousand Kumul Khanate loyalists | Several thousand White Russian soldiers and provincial Chinese troops, some Chinese Muslim troops | Thousands of Turkic Khotanlik Uyghur, Kirghiz rebels and Afghan volunteers | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | ||||||||
| Unknown | Thousands dead | Thousands dead | ||||||
The Kumul Rebellion (Chinese: 哈密暴動; pinyin: Hāmì bàodòng; lit. 'Hami Uprising') was a rebellion of Kumulik Uyghurs from 1931 to 1934 who conspired with Hui Chinese Muslim General Ma Zhongying to overthrow Jin Shuren, governor of Xinjiang. The Kumul Uyghurs were loyalists of the Kumul Khanate and wanted to restore the heir to the Khanate and overthrow Jin. The Kuomintang wanted Jin removed because of his ties to the Soviet Union, so it approved of the operation while pretending to acknowledge Jin as governor. The rebellion then catapulted into large-scale fighting as Khotanlik Uyghur rebels in southern Xinjiang started a separate rebellion for independence in collusion with Kirghiz rebels. The various groups of rebels were not united (some even fought each other). The main part of the war was waged by Ma Zhongying against the Xinjiang government. He was supported by Chiang Kai-shek, the Premier of China, who secretly agreed to let Ma seize Xinjiang.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Mongolwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Bert Edstrom (2013). Turning Points in Japanese History. Routledge. p. 198. ISBN 9781134279180.
- ^ David Martin Jones, Paul Schulte, Carl Ungerer, M.L.R. Smith (2019). Handbook of Terrorism and Counter Terrorism Post 9/11. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 341. ISBN 9781786438027.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Andrew D. W. Forbes (1986). Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: A Political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949 (illustrated ed.). Cambridge, England: CUP Archive. p. 123. ISBN 0-521-25514-7. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
- ^ Нэх В. Ф. Специальная операция НКВД в Синьцзяне(rus)