Labiaplasty

Labiaplasty
Result of labiaplasty (top, left-before then right-after) in combination with clitoral hood reduction (bottom)
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Labiaplasty (also known as labioplasty, labia minora reduction, and labial reduction) is a plastic surgery procedure for creating or altering the labia minora (inner labia) and the labia majora (outer labia), the folds of skin of the human vulva. It is a type of vulvoplasty. There are two main categories of women seeking cosmetic genital surgery: those with conditions such as intersex, and those with no underlying condition who experience physical discomfort or wish to alter the appearance of their vulvas because they believe they do not fall within a normal range.^[1]

The size, colour, and shape of labia vary significantly, and may change as a result of childbirth, aging, and other events.^[1] Conditions addressed by labiaplasty include congenital defects and abnormalities such as vaginal atresia (absent vaginal passage), Müllerian agenesis (malformed uterus and fallopian tubes), intersex conditions (male and female sexual characteristics in a person); and tearing and stretching of the labia minora caused by childbirth, accident, and age. In a male-to-female sexual reassignment vaginoplasty for the creation of a neovagina, labiaplasty creates labia where once there were none.

A 2008 study reported that 32 percent of women who underwent the procedure did so to correct a functional impairment; 31 percent to correct a functional impairment and for aesthetic reasons; and 37 percent for aesthetic reasons alone.^[2] According to a 2011 review, overall patient satisfaction is in the 90–95 percent range.^[3] Risks include permanent scarring, infections, bleeding, irritation, and nerve damage leading to increased or decreased sensitivity. A change in requirements of publicly funded Australian plastic surgery requiring women to be told about natural variation in labias led to a 28% reduction in the number of surgeries performed.^[4] Unlike public hospitals, cosmetic surgeons in private practice are not required to follow these rules, and critics say that "unscrupulous" providers are charging to perform the procedure on women who would not want it if they had more information.^[4]

Images of vulvae are absent from the popular media^[5][6] and advertising^[7][8]: 19 and do not appear in some anatomy textbooks,^[9] while community opposition to sex education^[10][11] limits the access that young women have to information about natural variation in labias.^[12] Many women have limited knowledge of vulval anatomy, and are unable to say what a "normal" vulva looks like.^{[13]: 6  [14][15][16]} At the same time, many pornographic images of women's genitals are digitally manipulated, changing the size and shape of the labia to fit with the censorship standards in different countries.^{[12][17][18][19]} Medical researchers have raised concerns about the procedure and its increasing prevalence rates, with some speculating that exposure to pornography images on the Internet may lead to body image dissatisfaction in some women.^[20] Although it is also suggested that evidence for this is lacking,^[20] the National Health Service stated that some women bring along advert or pornographic images to illustrate their desired genital appearance.^[21][22]