Historical period (c. 1750-1918).
The Late Ottoman period (c. 1750 - 1918) is the archaeologically and historically defined periodisation of areas under the control of the Ottoman Empire and its dependencies, primarily in the Middle East , North Africa , the Caucasus and the Balkans .[ 1] Accordingly, the spatial extent of the area covered by the definition was dynamic, getting smaller as time went on.[ 2] This period is also distinct for the sources recording its history.[ 3]
As an analytical construct, it overlaps with the later stages of the Ottoman Empire, from about 1750 until its dissolution following the end of the First World War .[ 4] This period was characterized with increased foreign, primarily European , intervention, outside invasions, the Tanzimat reforms , social modernization , economic globalization , improvements in communications and transportation infrastructure , and political change .[ 5] [ 6] [ 7]
^ Marom, Roy ; Taxel, Itamar (2023). "Ḥamāma: The historical geography of settlement continuity and change in Majdal 'Asqālan's hinterland, 1270–1750 CE" . Journal of Historical Geography . 82 : 49–65. doi :10.1016/j.jhg.2023.08.003 . ISSN 0305-7488 .
^ Ahmad, Feroz (1996), "The Late Ottoman Empire" , The Great Powers and the End of the Ottoman Empire , Routledge, pp. 15–40, doi :10.4324/9780203988367-8 , ISBN 978-0-203-98836-7 , retrieved 2024-05-11
^ McCARTHY, Justin (1984). "The Defters of the Late Ottoman Period" . Turkish Studies Association Bulletin . 8 (2): 5–15. ISSN 0275-6048 . JSTOR 43385151 .
^ Hanioğlu, M. Şükrü (2010-03-08), A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire , Princeton University Press, doi :10.1515/9781400829682 , ISBN 978-1-4008-2968-2 , retrieved 2024-05-11
^ Kushner, David (1986). Palestine in the Late Ottoman Period: Political, Social, and Economic Transformation . BRILL. ISBN 978-965-217-027-9 .
^ Yazbak, Mahmoud; Yazbak, Maḥmūd (1998). Haifa in the Late Ottoman Period, 1864-1914: A Muslim Town in Transition . BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-11051-9 .
^ Özdalga, Elisabeth (2013-03-07). Late Ottoman Society: The Intellectual Legacy . Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-29473-2 .