Leonard Howell

For the footballer and cricketer, see Leonard Howell (footballer).

Leonard Percival Howell (16 June 1898 – 23 January 1981), also known as The Gong[1] or G. G. Maragh (for Gangun Guru), was a Jamaican religious figure. According to his biographer Hélène Lee,[2] Howell was born into an Anglican family. He was one of the first preachers of the Rastafari movement (along with Joseph Hibbert and Archibald Dunkley), and is known by many as The First Rasta.

Born in May Crawle River on 16 June 1898,[3] Howell left Jamaica as a youth, traveling to many places, including Panama and New York, and returned in 1932. He began preaching in 1933 about what he considered the symbolic portent for the African diaspora—the crowning of Ras Tafari Makonnen as Emperor Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia. His preaching asserted that Haile Selassie was the "Messiah returned to earth", and he published a book called The Promised Key. Although this resulted in his being arrested, tried for sedition, and imprisoned for two years, the Rastafari movement grew.[4]

Over the following years, Howell came into conflict with all the establishment authorities in Jamaica: the planters, the trade unions, established churches, police, and colonial authorities. Howell was seen as a threat largely due to the anti-colonial message of the Rastafarian movement, which he was perpetuating along with the sermons promoting the idea of a positive black racial identity. Local ruling elites were uneasy with Howell’s popular call for black people to take a stand. Colonial authorities hoped to quell Howell’s growing movement early so as to snuff out support early on.[5]

As his following grew, the threat of Howell's core beliefs in the power of black people to overcome white oppression, and his movement, expanded to become an international concern given his strong messages of black liberation and Pan-Africanism that resonated with blacks across the globe. He formed a town or commune called Pinnacle in Saint Catherine Parish that became famous as a place for Rastafari. This movement prospered, and today the Rastafari faith exists worldwide. Unlike many Rastafari, Howell never wore dreadlocks.

Leonard Howell died in Kingston, Jamaica, on 23 January 1981 after suffering a vicious attack months earlier where he was slashed in the face and beaten badly at the age of 83 in Tredegar Park, St. Catherine not far from Pinnacle.[6]

Although Leonard P. Howell suffered much abuse for the foundation of Rastafari, his legacy as a perceived true hero and leader in anti-colonialism took root throughout Jamaica and the Caribbean and eventually globally. Ironically, the same government who sought his continual persecution has in 2022 awarded L.P. Howell or 'Gong' with an Order of Distinction.

  1. ^ "Regaining Bob Marley's catalogue - Legal battles ahead for Tuff Gong?". Retrieved 19 May 2023.
  2. ^ See a review of The First Rasta - Leonard Howell and the Rise of Rastafarianism (Lawrence Hill Books) by Hélène Lee: [1]
  3. ^ "We are HEROES - Leonard Howell". Archived from the original on 16 December 2016. Retrieved 19 October 2010.
  4. ^ Barrett Sr, Leonard E.; Lee, Helene (2005). "The Rastafarians". The First Rasta: HON.Leonard Howell and the Rise of Rastafarianism. Chicago Review Press, USA. ISBN 1-55652-558-3.
  5. ^ Dunkley, D. A. (1 January 2013). "The Suppression of Leonard Howell in Late Colonial Jamaica, 1932-1954". New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids. 87 (1–2): 62–93. doi:10.1163/22134360-12340004. ISSN 2213-4360.
  6. ^ "FamilySearch.org". FamilySearch. Retrieved 19 May 2023.