Leptin

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LEP
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes 1AX8
Identifiers
Aliases	LEP, LEPD, OB, OBS, leptin
External IDs	OMIM: 164160; MGI: 104663; HomoloGene: 193; GeneCards: LEP; OMA:LEP - orthologs
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 7 (human)[1] Band 7q32.1 Start 128,241,278 bp[1] End 128,257,629 bp[1]
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 6 (mouse)[2] Band 6 A3.3|6 12.3 cM Start 29,060,219 bp[2] End 29,073,876 bp[2]
RNA expression pattern Bgee Human Mouse (ortholog) Top expressed in skin of hip buccal mucosa cell subcutaneous adipose tissue lactiferous gland lactiferous duct abdominal fat pericardium placenta synovial joint parotid gland Top expressed in lactiferous gland white adipose tissue subcutaneous adipose tissue Ileal epithelium brown adipose tissue muscle of thigh embryo ankle tunica adventitia of aorta intercostal muscle More reference expression data BioGPS More reference expression data
Gene ontology Molecular function hormone activity peptide hormone receptor binding signaling receptor binding Cellular component cytoplasm extracellular region extracellular space Biological process regulation of protein phosphorylation response to dietary excess cellular response to retinoic acid positive regulation of developmental growth negative regulation of glucagon secretion placenta development cardiac muscle hypertrophy regulation of angiogenesis prostaglandin secretion regulation of intestinal cholesterol absorption T cell differentiation positive regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process central nervous system neuron development circadian rhythm positive regulation of ion transport angiogenesis glucose metabolic process positive regulation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor signaling pathway positive regulation of hepatic stellate cell activation regulation of endothelial cell proliferation intestinal absorption response to ethanol negative regulation of autophagy positive regulation of p38MAPK cascade positive regulation of protein kinase B signaling negative regulation of metabolic process negative regulation of vasoconstriction glucose homeostasis regulation of insulin secretion regulation of steroid biosynthetic process insulin secretion regulation of natural killer cell activation regulation of fat cell differentiation response to vitamin E response to nutrient levels bone mineralization involved in bone maturation positive regulation of T cell proliferation positive regulation of protein import into nucleus regulation of brown fat cell differentiation fatty acid beta-oxidation regulation of metabolic process hormone metabolic process positive regulation of MAPK cascade positive regulation of TOR signaling cellular response to L-ascorbic acid ovulation from ovarian follicle activation of protein kinase C activity sexual reproduction negative regulation of cartilage development response to nutrient negative regulation of glutamine transport leptin-mediated signaling pathway bile acid metabolic process female pregnancy negative regulation of apoptotic process cholesterol metabolic process positive regulation of follicle-stimulating hormone secretion negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II negative regulation of appetite regulation of protein localization to nucleus regulation of blood pressure negative regulation of glucose import leukocyte tethering or rolling negative regulation of lipid storage adipose tissue development positive regulation of insulin receptor signaling pathway bone growth positive regulation of receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT glycerol biosynthetic process positive regulation of luteinizing hormone secretion fatty acid catabolic process regulation of gluconeogenesis response to estradiol intracellular signal transduction adult feeding behavior response to hypoxia regulation of natural killer cell proliferation eating behavior positive regulation of cytokine production regulation of cytokine production involved in inflammatory response regulation of nitric-oxide synthase activity response to activity cellular response to leptin stimulus regulation of cell cycle regulation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity positive regulation of fat cell apoptotic process positive regulation of cell population proliferation regulation of lipoprotein lipid oxidation positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling signal transduction regulation of bone remodeling lipid metabolism negative regulation of appetite by leptin-mediated signaling pathway interleukin-12 production positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor production interleukin-6 production response to insulin tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT protein phagocytosis energy reserve metabolic process positive regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT protein regulation of signaling receptor activity determination of adult lifespan regulation of lipid biosynthetic process positive regulation of cold-induced thermogenesis aorta development regulation of catalytic activity elastin metabolic process Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 3952 16846 Ensembl ENSG00000174697 ENSMUSG00000059201 UniProt P41159 P41160 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_000230 NM_008493 RefSeq (protein) NP_000221 NP_032519 Location (UCSC) Chr 7: 128.24 – 128.26 Mb Chr 6: 29.06 – 29.07 Mb PubMed search [3] [4]
Wikidata
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

Leptin
Structure of the obese protein leptin-E100[5]
Identifiers
Symbol	Leptin
Pfam	PF02024
Pfam clan	CL0053
InterPro	IPR000065
SCOP2	1ax8 / SCOPe / SUPFAM
Available protein structures: Pfam   structures / ECOD   PDB RCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj PDBsum structure summary PDB 1ax8​

Leptin (from Greek λεπτός leptos, "thin" or "light" or "small"), also known as obese protein,^[6] is a protein hormone predominantly made by adipocytes (cells of adipose tissue). Its primary role is likely to regulate long-term energy balance.^[7]

As one of the major signals of energy status, leptin levels influence appetite, satiety, and motivated behaviors oriented towards the maintenance of energy reserves (e.g., feeding, foraging behaviors).

The amount of circulating leptin correlates with the amount of energy reserves, mainly triglycerides stored in adipose tissue. High leptin levels are interpreted by the brain that energy reserves are high, whereas low leptin levels indicate that energy reserves are low, in the process adapting the organism to starvation through a variety of metabolic, endocrine, neurobiochemical, and behavioral changes.^[8]

Leptin is coded for by the LEP gene. Leptin receptors are expressed by a variety of brain and peripheral cell types. These include cell receptors in the arcuate and ventromedial nuclei, as well as other parts of the hypothalamus and dopaminergic neurons of the ventral tegmental area, consequently mediating feeding.^[9][10]

Although regulation of fat stores is deemed to be the primary function of leptin, it also plays a role in other physiological processes, as evidenced by its many sites of synthesis other than fat cells, and the many cell types beyond hypothalamic cells that have leptin receptors. Many of these additional functions are yet to be fully defined.^{[11][12][13][14][15][16]}

In obesity, a decreased sensitivity to leptin occurs (similar to insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes), resulting in an inability to detect satiety despite high energy stores and high levels of leptin.^[17]