In the Western classical music tradition, Lied (/liːd, liːt/ LEED, LEET, German: [liːt] ; pl. Lieder /ˈliːdər/ LEE-dər, German: [ˈliːdɐ] ; lit. 'song')[1][2][3] is a term for setting poetry to classical music to create a piece of polyphonic music.[4] The term is used for any kind of song in contemporary German and Dutch, but among English and French speakers, lied is often used interchangeably with "art song" to encompass works that the tradition has inspired in other languages as well. The poems that have been made into lieder often center on pastoral themes or themes of romantic love.[5]
The earliest Lieder date from the late fourteenth or early fifteenth centuries, and can even refer to Minnesang from as early as the 12th and 13th centuries.[6] It later came especially to refer to settings of Romantic poetry during the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, and into the early twentieth century. Examples include settings by Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Ludwig van Beethoven, Franz Schubert, Robert Schumann, Johannes Brahms, Hugo Wolf, Gustav Mahler or Richard Strauss.
- ^ "lied". CollinsDictionary.com. HarperCollins. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
- ^ "Lied". Random House Unabridged Dictionary. New York: Random House, Inc. 1997. Retrieved 17 November 2020 – via Infoplease.
- ^ "lied". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins.
- ^ Böker-Heil, Norbert; Fallows, David; Baron, John H.; Parsons, James; Sams, Eric; Johnson, Graham; Griffiths, Paul (2001). "Lied". Grove Music Online (8th ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.16611. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0.
- ^ "Lieder". GCSE Bitesize. BBC Schools. Archived from the original on 4 March 2015.
- ^ Lied at the Encyclopædia Britannica