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| Escherichia virus M13 | |
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| Blue: Coat Protein pIII; Brown: Coat Protein pVI; Red: Coat Protein pVII; Limegreen: Coat Protein pVIII; Fuchsia: Coat Protein pIX; Purple: Single Stranded DNA | |
Virus classification 
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| (unranked): | Virus |
| Realm: | Monodnaviria |
| Kingdom: | Loebvirae |
| Phylum: | Hofneiviricota |
| Class: | Faserviricetes |
| Order: | Tubulavirales |
| Family: | Inoviridae |
| Genus: | Inovirus |
| Species: | Escherichia virus M13
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M13 is one of the Ff phages (fd and f1 are others), a member of the family filamentous bacteriophage (inovirus). Ff phages are composed of circular single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), which in the case of the m13 phage is 6407 nucleotides long and is encapsulated in approximately 2700 copies of the major coat protein p8, and capped with about 5 copies each of four different minor coat proteins (p3 and p6 at one end and p7 and p9 at the other end).[1][2][3] The minor coat protein p3 attaches to the receptor at the tip of the F pilus of the host Escherichia coli. The life cycle is relatively short, with the early phage progeny exiting the cell ten minutes after infection. Ff phages are chronic phage, releasing their progeny without killing the host cells. The infection causes turbid plaques in E. coli lawns, of intermediate opacity in comparison to regular lysis plaques. However, a decrease in the rate of cell growth is seen in the infected cells. The replicative form of M13 is circular double-stranded DNA similar to plasmids that are used for many recombinant DNA processes, and the virus has also been used for phage display, directed evolution, nanostructures and nanotechnology applications.[4][5][6]
- ^ Smeal SW, Schmitt MA, Pereira RR, Prasad A, Fisk JD (January 2017). "Simulation of the M13 life cycle I: Assembly of a genetically-structured deterministic chemical kinetic simulation". Virology. 500: 259–274. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2016.08.017. PMID 27644585.
- ^ Rakonjac J, Das B, Derda R (2016). "Editorial: Filamentous Bacteriophage in Bio/Nano/Technology, Bacterial Pathogenesis and Ecology". Frontiers in Microbiology. 7: 2109. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2016.02109. PMC 5179506. PMID 28066406.
- ^ Roux S, Krupovic M, Daly RA, Borges AL, Nayfach S, Schulz F, et al. (November 2019). "Cryptic inoviruses revealed as pervasive in bacteria and archaea across Earth's biomes". Nature Microbiology. 4 (11): 1895–1906. doi:10.1038/s41564-019-0510-x. PMC 6813254. PMID 31332386.
- ^ Khalil AS, Ferrer JM, Brau RR, Kottmann ST, Noren CJ, Lang MJ, Belcher AM (March 2007). "Single M13 bacteriophage tethering and stretching". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 104 (12): 4892–7. doi:10.1073/pnas.0605727104. PMC 1829235. PMID 17360403.
- ^ Suthiwangcharoen N, Li T, Li K, Thompson P, You S, Wang Q (May 2011). "M13 bacteriophage-polymer nanoassemblies as drug delivery vehicles". Nano Research. 4 (5): 483–93. doi:10.1007/s12274-011-0104-2. S2CID 97544776.
- ^ Esvelt KM, Carlson JC, Liu DR (April 2011). "A system for the continuous directed evolution of biomolecules". Nature. 472 (7344): 499–503. Bibcode:2011Natur.472..499E. doi:10.1038/nature09929. PMC 3084352. PMID 21478873.