Magic bullet (medicine)

The magic bullet is a scientific concept developed by the German Nobel laureate Paul Ehrlich in 1907.[1] While working at the Institute of Experimental Therapy (Institut für experimentelle Therapie), Ehrlich formed an idea that it could be possible to kill specific microbes (such as bacteria), which cause diseases in the body, without harming the body itself. He named the hypothetical agent as Zauberkugel,[2] and used the English translation "magic bullet" in The Harben Lectures at London.[3] The name itself is a reference to an old German myth about a bullet that cannot miss its target. Ehrlich had in mind Carl Maria von Weber's popular 1821 opera Der Freischütz, in which a young hunter is required to hit an impossible target in order to marry his bride.[4]

Ehrlich envisioned that just like a bullet fired from a gun to hit a specific target, there could be a way to specifically target invading microbes. His continued research to discover the magic bullet resulted in further knowledge of the functions of the body's immune system, and in the development of Salvarsan, the first effective drug for syphilis, in 1909. His works were the foundation of immunology, and for his contributions he shared the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Élie Metchnikoff.[5][6]

Ehrlich's discovery of Salvarsan in 1909 for the treatment of syphilis is termed as the first magic bullet.[7] This led to the foundation of the concept of chemotherapy.[8]

  1. ^ Ehrlich, P. (1960), "Experimental Researches on Specific Therapy", The Collected Papers of Paul Ehrlich, Elsevier, pp. 106–117, doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-009056-6.50015-4, ISBN 978-0-08-009056-6 [Reprint of "Experimental Researches on Specific Therapy: On Immunity with special Reference to the Relationship between Distribution and Action of Antigens" from ''The Harben Lectures for 1907 of the Royal Institute of Public Health'', London: Lewis, 1908]
  2. ^ Heynick, F. (2009). "The original 'magic bullet' is 100 years old - extra". The British Journal of Psychiatry. 195 (5): 456. doi:10.1192/bjp.195.5.456. PMID 19880937. S2CID 40777633.
  3. ^ Witkop, B. (1999). "Paul Ehrlich and his Magic bullets--revisited". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 143 (4): 540–557. JSTOR 3181987. PMID 11624364.
  4. ^ "Magic Bullets". www.ehrlich-2008.org. Retrieved 2022-12-01.
  5. ^ Hüntelmann, Axel C. (2011). Paul Ehrlich Leben, Forschung, Ökonomien, Netzwerke. Göttingen. ISBN 978-3-8353-0867-1. OCLC 703350652.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  6. ^ Schwartz, RS (2004). "Paul Ehrlich's magic bullets". The New England Journal of Medicine. 350 (11): 1079–80. doi:10.1056/NEJMp048021. PMID 15014180.
  7. ^ Tan, SY; Grimes, S (2010). "Paul Ehrlich (1854-1915): man with the magic bullet" (PDF). Singapore Medical Journal. 51 (11): 842–843. PMID 21140107.
  8. ^ Williams, K. (2009). "The introduction of 'chemotherapy' using arsphenamine - the first magic bullet". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 102 (8): 343–348. doi:10.1258/jrsm.2009.09k036. PMC 2726818. PMID 19679737.