| Malignancy | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Cancer, malignant neoplasm |
 | |
| Malignant tumor (right) spreads uncontrollably and invades the surrounding tissues; benign tumor (left) remains self-contained from neighbouring tissue | |
| Specialty | Oncology |
| Symptoms | Fatigue, lump(s), change in skin, abnormal bleeding, prolonged cough, unexplained weight loss[1] |
| Risk factors | Smoking, sun exposure, genetics—history of malignancy, solid organ transplantation (post-transplant malignancy), infectious diseases |
| Diagnostic method | Biopsy |
| Treatment | Photoradiation therapy, surgery, chemotherapy, hyperthermia |
| Frequency | 442.4 per 100,000 per year [2] |
| Deaths | ~10 million per year [3] |
Malignancy (from Latin male 'badly' and -gnus 'born') is the tendency of a medical condition to become progressively worse; the term is most familiar as a characterization of cancer.
A malignant tumor contrasts with a non-cancerous benign tumor in that a malignancy is not self-limited in its growth, is capable of invading into adjacent tissues, and may be capable of spreading to distant tissues.
A benign tumor has none of those properties, but may still be harmful to health. The term benign in more general medical use characterizes a condition or growth that is not cancerous, i.e. does not spread to other parts of the body or invade nearby tissue. Sometimes the term is used to suggest that a condition is not dangerous or serious.[4]
Malignancy in cancers is characterized by anaplasia, invasiveness, and metastasis.[5] Malignant tumors are also characterized by genome instability, so that cancers, as assessed by whole genome sequencing, frequently have between 10,000 and 100,000 mutations in their entire genomes.[6] Cancers usually show tumour heterogeneity, containing multiple subclones.[7] They also frequently have reduced expression of DNA repair enzymes due to epigenetic methylation of DNA repair genes or altered microRNAs that control DNA repair gene expression.
Tumours can be detected through the visualisation or sensation of a lump on the body.[8] In cases where there is no obvious representation of a lump, a mammogram or an MRI test can be used to determine the presence of a tumour.[8] In the case of an existing tumour, a biopsy would then be required to make a diagnosis and distinguish whether the tumour is malignant or benign.[8] This involves examination of a small sample of the tissue in a laboratory.[8] If detected as a malignant tumour, treatment is necessary; treatment during early stages is most effective.[8] Forms of treatment include chemotherapy, surgery, photoradiation, and hyperthermia, amongst various others.
- ^ Martin LJ (2020). "Cancer Symptoms". WebMD – Cancer Centre.
- ^ "Cancer statistics". National Cancer Institution. 2 April 2015.
- ^ "Cancer". Factsheets. World Health Organization (WHO). 21 September 2021.
- ^ "Benign Information". Mount Sinai Health System. Retrieved 23 May 2023.
- ^ Wilkins EM (April 2008). "The Patient with Cancer". Clinical Practice of the Dental Hygienist Workbook. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 858–869. ISBN 978-1-58255-838-7.
- ^ Tuna M, Amos CI (November 2013). "Genomic sequencing in cancer". Cancer Letters. 340 (2): 161–170. doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2012.11.004. PMC 3622788. PMID 23178448.
- ^ Swanton C (October 2012). "Intratumor heterogeneity: evolution through space and time". Cancer Research. 72 (19): 4875–4882. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-12-2217. PMC 3712191. PMID 23002210.
- ^ a b c d e Brazier Y (21 August 2019). "What are the different types of tumor?". Medical News Today.