Matilda Charlotte Ayrton (née Chaplin; 22 June 1846[1] – 19 July 1883) was an English physician.
She studied medicine in London, Edinburgh and Paris, pursuing higher studies at the latter's universities, and is one of the Edinburgh Seven, the first seven matriculated undergraduate female students at a British university. She travelled to Japan, where she opened a school for midwives, and was an author of anthropological studies.