Melamine

Melamine
Names
	Preferred IUPAC name 1,3,5-Triazine-2,4,6-triamine
	Other names 2,4,6-Triamino-s-triazine; Cyanurotriamide; Cyanurotriamine; Cyanuramide
Identifiers
CAS Number	108-78-1 ;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
ChEBI	CHEBI:27915 ;
ChemSpider	7667 ;
ECHA InfoCard	100.003.288
KEGG	C08737 ;
PubChem CID	7955;
UNII	N3GP2YSD88 ;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID6020802 ;
	InChI InChI=1S/C3H6N6/c4-1-7-2(5)9-3(6)8-1/h(H6,4,5,6,7,8,9) Key: JDSHMPZPIAZGSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N ; InChI=1/C3H6N6/c4-1-7-2(5)9-3(6)8-1/h(H6,4,5,6,7,8,9) Key: JDSHMPZPIAZGSV-UHFFFAOYAF;
	SMILES Nc1nc(N)nc(N)n1;
Properties
Chemical formula	C3H6N6
Molar mass	126.123 g·mol−1
Appearance	White solid
Density	1.573 g/cm3
Melting point	343 °C (649 °F; 616 K) (decomposition)
Boiling point	Sublimes
Solubility in water	3240 mg/ L (20 °C)
Solubility	very slightly soluble in hot alcohol[clarification needed], benzene, glycerol, pyridine ; insoluble in ether, benzene, CCl4
log P	−1.37
Acidity (pKa)	5.0 (conjugated acid)
Basicity (pKb)	9.0
Magnetic susceptibility (χ)	−61.8·10−6 cm3/mol
Refractive index (nD)	1.872
Structure
Crystal structure	Monoclinic
Thermochemistry
Std enthalpy of; combustion (ΔcH⦵298)	−1967 kJ/mol
Hazards
Autoignition; temperature	> 500 °C (932 °F; 773 K)
	Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
LD50 (median dose)	3850 mg/kg (rat, oral)
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). verify (what is ?) Infobox references

Melamine /ˈmɛləmiːn/ ^ⓘ is an organic compound with the formula C₃H₆N₆. This white solid is a trimer of cyanamide, with a 1,3,5-triazine skeleton. Like cyanamide, it contains 66% nitrogen by mass, and its derivatives have fire-retardant properties due to its release of nitrogen gas when burned or charred. Melamine can be combined with formaldehyde and other agents to produce melamine resins. Such resins are characteristically durable thermosetting plastic used in high pressure decorative laminates such as Formica, melamine dinnerware including cooking utensils, plates, plastic products,^[4] laminate flooring, and dry erase boards. Melamine foam is used as insulation, soundproofing material and in polymeric cleaning products, such as Magic Eraser.

Melamine-formaldehyde resin tableware was evaluated by the Taiwan Consumers' Foundation to have 20,000 parts per billion of free melamine that could migrate out of the plastic into acidic foods if held at 160 °F for two hours, such as if food was kept heated in contact with it in an oven.^[4]

Melamine gained infamy because Chinese food producers added it to baby formula in order to increase the apparent protein content.^[5]^[6] Ingestion of melamine may lead to reproductive damage, or bladder or kidney stones, and bladder cancer. It is also an irritant when inhaled or in contact with the skin or eyes. The United Nations' food standards body, the Codex Alimentarius Commission, has set the maximum amount of melamine allowed in powdered infant formula to 1 mg/kg and the amount of the chemical allowed in other foods and animal feed to 2.5 mg/kg. While not legally binding, the levels allow countries to ban importation of products with excessive levels of melamine.

^ ^a ^b ^c Haynes, William M., ed. (2011). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). CRC Press. p. 3.516. ISBN 978-1439855119.
^ Melamine from PubChem
^ ^a ^b Jang, Y.H., Hwang, S., Chang, S.B., Ku, J. and Chung, D.S. (2009). "Acid Dissociation Constants of Melamine Derivatives from Density Functional Theory Calculations". The Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 113 (46): 13036–13040. Bibcode:2009JPCA..11313036J. doi:10.1021/jp9053583. PMID 19845385.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ ^a ^b Nutrition, Center for Food Safety and Applied (December 19, 2022). "Melamine in Tableware Questions and Answers". FDA.
^ Hau, Anthony Kai-Ching; Kwan, Tze Hoi; Li, Philip Kam-tao (2009). "Melamine Toxicity and the Kidney". Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 20 (2): 245–250. doi:10.1681/asn.2008101065. PMID 19193777.
^ Scholl, Peter F.; Bergana, Marti Mamula; Yakes, Betsy Jean; Xie, Zhuohong; Zbylut, Steven; Downey, Gerard; Mossoba, Magdi; Jablonski, Joseph; Magaletta, Robert; Holroyd, Stephen E.; Buehler, Martin (July 19, 2017). "Effects of the Adulteration Technique on the Near-Infrared Detection of Melamine in Milk Powder". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 65 (28): 5799–5809. doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.7b02083. ISSN 0021-8561. PMID 28617599.

[crc-1] Haynes, William M., ed. (2011). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). CRC Press. p. 3.516. ISBN 978-1439855119.

[2] Melamine from PubChem

[Jang,_Y.H._2009-3] Jang, Y.H., Hwang, S., Chang, S.B., Ku, J. and Chung, D.S. (2009). "Acid Dissociation Constants of Melamine Derivatives from Density Functional Theory Calculations". The Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 113 (46): 13036–13040. Bibcode:2009JPCA..11313036J. doi:10.1021/jp9053583. PMID 19845385.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[:0-4] Nutrition, Center for Food Safety and Applied (December 19, 2022). "Melamine in Tableware Questions and Answers". FDA.

[5] Hau, Anthony Kai-Ching; Kwan, Tze Hoi; Li, Philip Kam-tao (2009). "Melamine Toxicity and the Kidney". Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 20 (2): 245–250. doi:10.1681/asn.2008101065. PMID 19193777.

[6] Scholl, Peter F.; Bergana, Marti Mamula; Yakes, Betsy Jean; Xie, Zhuohong; Zbylut, Steven; Downey, Gerard; Mossoba, Magdi; Jablonski, Joseph; Magaletta, Robert; Holroyd, Stephen E.; Buehler, Martin (July 19, 2017). "Effects of the Adulteration Technique on the Near-Infrared Detection of Melamine in Milk Powder". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 65 (28): 5799–5809. doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.7b02083. ISSN 0021-8561. PMID 28617599.

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