Melnikov (Russian: Ме́льников) is a surname of Russian origin. Like many surnames, it derives from an occupation. The root "мельник" (melnik) meaning miller, means 'one who mills grain'.
It may refer to:
- Alexander Melnikov, multiple people including:
- Andrey Melnikov (1968–1988), Soviet soldier
- Angelina Melnikova (born 2000), Russian gymnast
- Avraam Melnikov (1784–1854), Russian architect
- Boris Melnikov (1938–2022), Soviet fencer
- Boris Melnikov (diplomat) (1896–1938), Soviet intelligence officer and diplomat
- Ivan Melnikov, multiple people including:
- Konstantin Melnikov (1890–1974), Russian architect
- Leonid Melnikov (1906–1981), Soviet politician and diplomat
- Nikita Melnikov (wrestler) (born 1987), Russian wrestler
- Nikita Melnikov (footballer) (born 1997), Russian footballer
- Nikolai Melnikov (born 1948), Soviet water polo player
- Nikolay Melnikov (curler) (born 1964), Russian wheelchair curler
- Pavel Melnikov, multiple people including:
- Sergey Melnikov (born 1968), Russian runner
- Semyon Melnikov (born 1985), Russian footballer
- Stepan Melnikov (born 2002), Russian footballer
- Yakov Melnikov (1896–1960) was a Russian and Soviet speed skater
- Vasily Melnikov (1943–2017), Soviet alpine skier
- Viktor Melnikov (born 1944), Soviet rower
- Vitaly Melnikov, multiple people including:
- Volodymyr Melnykov (born 1951), Ukrainian poet and composer
- Vyacheslav Melnikov, multiple people including:
- Yury Melnikov (born 1940), Russian diver