Metoclopramide

Metoclopramide
Clinical data
Pronunciation/ˌmɛtəˈklɒprəmaɪd/
Trade namesPrimperan, Maxolon, others[1]
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa684035
License data
Pregnancy
category
Routes of
administration		By mouth, intravenous, intramuscular, nasal spray
Drug classD2 receptor antagonist; 5-HT3 receptor antagonist; 5-HT4 receptor agonist; Prolactin releaser
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability80 ± 15% (by mouth)
MetabolismLiver
Elimination half-life5–6 hours
ExcretionUrine: 70–85%
Feces: 2%
Identifiers
  • 4-Amino-5-chloro-N-(2-(diethylamino)ethyl)-2-methoxybenzamide
CAS Number
PubChem CID
IUPHAR/BPS
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.006.058 Edit this at Wikidata
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC14H22ClN3O2
Molar mass299.80 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
Melting point147.3 °C (297.1 °F)
  • Clc1cc(c(OC)cc1N)C(=O)NCCN(CC)CC
  • InChI=1S/C14H22ClN3O2/c1-4-18(5-2)7-6-17-14(19)10-8-11(15)12(16)9-13(10)20-3/h8-9H,4-7,16H2,1-3H3,(H,17,19) checkY
  • Key:TTWJBBZEZQICBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY
  (verify)

Metoclopramide is a medication used for stomach and esophageal problems.[5] It is commonly used to treat and prevent nausea and vomiting, to help with emptying of the stomach in people with delayed stomach emptying, and to help with gastroesophageal reflux disease.[6] It is also used to treat migraine headaches.[7]

Common side effects include: feeling tired, diarrhea, akathisia, and tardive dyskinesia. More serious side effects include neuroleptic malignant syndrome and depression.[6] It is thus rarely recommended that people take the medication for longer than twelve weeks.[6] No evidence of harm has been found after being taken by many pregnant women.[6][8] It belongs to the group of medications known as dopamine-receptor antagonists and works as a prokinetic.[6]

In 2012, metoclopramide was one of the top 100 most prescribed medications in the United States.[9] It is available as a generic medication.[6] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[10] In 2020, it was the 352nd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 600,000 prescriptions.[11]

  1. ^ Cite error: The named reference generics was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. ^ "Metoclopramide Use During Pregnancy". Drugs.com. 27 February 2020. Archived from the original on 21 March 2023. Retrieved 22 November 2020.
  3. ^ "FDA-sourced list of all drugs with black box warnings (Use Download Full Results and View Query links.)". nctr-crs.fda.gov. FDA. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
  4. ^ Cite error: The named reference Reglan FDA label was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  5. ^ "Metoclopramide". MedlinePlus. Archived from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 22 November 2020.
  6. ^ a b c d e f "Metoclopramide hydrochloride". Monograph. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 19 August 2011. Retrieved 27 September 2014.
  7. ^ Becker WJ (June 2015). "Acute Migraine Treatment in Adults". Headache. 55 (6): 778–793. doi:10.1111/head.12550. PMID 25877672. S2CID 23327034.
  8. ^ "Prescribing medicines in pregnancy database". Australian Government. 3 March 2014. Archived from the original on 8 April 2014. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
  9. ^ Bartholow M. "Top 200 Drugs of 2012". Pharmacy Times. Archived from the original on 17 May 2014. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
  10. ^ World Health Organization (2021). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 22nd list (2021). Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/345533. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2021.02.
  11. ^ "Metoclopramide - Drug Usage Statistics". ClinCalc. Archived from the original on 13 November 2022. Retrieved 7 October 2022.