| Michael VIII Palaiologos | |
|---|---|
| Emperor and Autocrat of the Romans | |
 Miniature portrait in a manuscript of George Pachymeres' Historia, early 14th century[a] | |
| Byzantine emperor | |
| Reign | 15 August 1261 – 11 December 1282[b] |
| Predecessor | Baldwin II (Latin Empire) |
| Successor | Andronikos II Palaiologos |
| Emperor of Nicaea | |
| Reign | 1 January 1259 – 15 August 1261[c] |
| Predecessor | John IV Laskaris |
| Successor | Byzantine Empire restored |
| Born | 1224 Empire of Nicaea |
| Died | 11 December 1282 (aged 58) Pachomion, near Lysimachia,[2] Byzantine Empire[d] |
| Spouse | Theodora Palaiologina |
| Issue more... | |
| Dynasty | Palaiologos |
| Father | Andronikos Komnenos Palaiologos |
| Mother | Theodora Angelina Palaiologina |
| Religion | Orthodox |
Michael VIII Palaiologos or Palaeologus (Greek: Μιχαὴλ Δούκας Ἄγγελος Κομνηνὸς Παλαιολόγος, romanized: Mikhaēl Doukas Angelos Komnēnos Palaiologos; 1224 – 11 December 1282)[3] reigned as Byzantine emperor from 1261 until his death in 1282, and previously as the co-emperor of the Empire of Nicaea from 1259 to 1261. Michael VIII was the founder of the Palaiologan dynasty that would rule the Byzantine Empire until the Fall of Constantinople in 1453. He recovered Constantinople from the Latin Empire in 1261 and transformed the Empire of Nicaea into a restored Byzantine Empire.[4] His reign saw considerable recovery of Byzantine power, including the enlargement of the Byzantine army and navy. It also included the reconstruction of the city of Constantinople, and the increase of its population.[5] His re-establishment of the University of Constantinople contributed to the Palaeologan Renaissance, a cultural flowering between the 13th and 15th centuries.[5]
It was also at this time that the focus of the Byzantine military shifted to the Balkans, against the Bulgarians, leaving the Anatolian frontier neglected.[5] His successors could not compensate for this change of focus, and both the Arsenite schism and two civil wars which occurred from 1321–1328 and 1341–1347 undermined further efforts toward territorial consolidation and recovery, draining the empire's strength, economy, and resources. Regular conflict between Byzantine successor states such as Trebizond, Epirus, Bulgaria and Serbia resulted in permanent fragmentation of former Byzantine territory and opportunity for increasingly successful conquests of expansive territories by post-Seljuk Anatolian beyliks, most notably that of Osman, later called the Ottoman Empire.
- ^ Spatharakis 1976, pp. 165–172.
- ^ Finlay, George (1854), History of the Byzantine and Greek Empires from 1057–1453, vol. 2, William Blackwood & Sons, p. 463
- ^ PLP, 21528. Παλαιολόγος, Μιχαὴλ VIII. Δούκας Ἄγγελος Κομνηνὸς.
- ^ Bartusis, Mark C. (1997). The Late Byzantine Army. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-1620-2.
- ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference
Michael VIIIwas invoked but never defined (see the help page).
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