MicroRNA
In molecular biology , mir-221 microRNA (and its paralogue , mir-222 ) is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms.
mir-221 is an oncogenic microRNA.[ 1] It targets CD117 , which then prevents cell migration and proliferation in endothelial cells.[ 2] [ 3]
miR-221 is known as an anti angiogenic miRNA.[ 4] [ 2]
Recent important studies have reported that miR-221 is also involved in induction of angiogenesis.[ 5] [ 6] [ 7]
RNA induced Silencing Complex (RISC) proteins SND1 and AEG-1 induces miR-221 expression in Liver cancer.[ 8]
In liver cancer miR-221 induces the tumor angiogenesis.[ 5] miR-221 detection in human faeces can be a non-invasive screening marker for colorectal cancer.[ 9]
miR-221 has been identified as playing a role in androgenetic alopecia .[ 10]
^ Pang, Y; Young, CY; Yuan, H (15 June 2010). "MicroRNAs and prostate cancer". Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica . 42 (6): 363–9. doi :10.1093/abbs/gmq038 . PMID 20539944 .
^ a b Urbich, C; Kuehbacher, A; Dimmeler, S (1 September 2008). "Role of microRNAs in vascular diseases, inflammation, and angiogenesis". Cardiovascular Research . 79 (4): 581–8. doi :10.1093/cvr/cvn156 . PMID 18550634 .
^ Vasilatou, D; Papageorgiou, S; Pappa, V; Papageorgiou, E; Dervenoulas, J (1 January 2010). "The role of microRNAs in normal and malignant hematopoiesis" . European Journal of Haematology . 84 (1): 1–16. doi :10.1111/j.1600-0609.2009.01348.x . PMID 19744129 . S2CID 46395419 .
^ Kuehbacher A, Urbich C, Dimmeler S (2008). "Targeting microRNA expression to regulate angiogenesis". Trends Pharmacol Sci . 29 (1): 12–15. doi :10.1016/j.tips.2007.10.014 . PMID 18068232 .
^ a b Santhekadur PK, Das SK, Gredler R, Chen D, Srivastava J, Robertson C, Baldwin AS, Fisher PB, Sarkar D (2012). "Multifunction protein staphylococcal nuclease domain containing 1 (SND1) promotes tumor angiogenesis in human hepatocellular carcinoma through novel pathway that involves nuclear factor κB and miR-221" . J Biol Chem . 287 (17): 13952–8. doi :10.1074/jbc.M111.321646 . PMC 3340184 . PMID 22396537 .
^ Nicoli S, Knyphausen CP, Zhu LJ, Lakshmanan A, Lawson ND (2012). "miR-221 is required for endothelial tip cell behaviors during vascular development" . Dev Cell . 22 (2): 418–429. doi :10.1016/j.devcel.2012.01.008 . PMC 3285411 . PMID 22340502 .
^ Le Bot, Nathalie (2 April 2012). "MicroRNAs in angiogenesis" . Nat. Cell Biol . 14 (4): 342. doi :10.1038/ncb2484 . S2CID 45572115 .
^ Yoo BK, Santhekadur PK, Gredler R, Chen D, Emdad L, Bhutia S, Pannell L, Fisher PB, Sarkar D (2011). "Increased RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) activity contributes to hepatocellular carcinoma" . Hepatology . 53 (5): 1538–48. doi :10.1002/hep.24216 . PMC 3081619 . PMID 21520169 .
^ Yau, T. O.; Wu, C. W.; Dong, Y.; Tang, C.-M.; Ng, S. S. M.; Chan, F. K. L.; Sung, J. J. Y.; Yu, J. (28 October 2014). "microRNA-221 and microRNA-18a identification in stool as potential biomarkers for the non-invasive diagnosis of colorectal carcinoma" . British Journal of Cancer . 111 (9): 1765–71. doi :10.1038/bjc.2014.484 . ISSN 0007-0920 . PMC 4453736 . PMID 25233396 .
^ Li K, Sun Y, Liu S, Zhou Y, Qu Q, Wang G, Wang J, Chen R, Fan Z, Liu B, Li Y, Mao X, Hu Z, Miao Y (2023). "The AR/miR-221/IGF-1 pathway mediates the pathogenesis of androgenetic alopecia" . Int J Biol Sci . 19 (11): 3307–23. doi :10.7150/ijbs.80481 . PMC 10367565 . PMID 37496996 .