Mongol conquest of Anatolia

Mongol invasions of Anatolia
Part of the Mongol invasions and conquests
Mongol invasions of Anatolia
Date 1241–1335 Location Anatolia, East Anatolia Result Ilkhanate-Byzantine victory
Belligerents
Sultanate of Rum Anatolian Beyliks	Mongol Empire • Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia •  Kingdom of Georgia Ilkhanate

Mongol invasions of Anatolia occurred at various times, starting with the campaign of 1241–1243 that culminated in the Battle of Köse Dağ. Real power over Anatolia was exercised by the Mongols after the Seljuks surrendered in 1243 until the fall of the Ilkhanate in 1335.^[1] Because the Seljuk sultan rebelled several times, in 1255, the Mongols swept through central and eastern Anatolia. An Ilkhanate garrison was stationed near Ankara.^[2][3] Remains of the Mongol cultural heritage still can be seen in Turkey, including tombs of a Mongol governor and a son of Hulagu.

By the end of the 14th century, most of Anatolia was controlled by various Anatolian beyliks due to the collapse of the Seljuk dynasty in Rum. The Turkmen beyliks were under the control of the Mongols through declining Seljuk sultans.^[4][5] The Beyliks did not mint coins in the names of their own leaders while they remained under the suzerainty of the Ilkhanids.^[6] The Ottoman ruler Osman I was the first Turkish ruler who minted coins in his own name in the 1320s.^[7] Since the minting of coins was a prerogative accorded in Islamic practice only to be a sovereign, it can be considered that the Ottomans became independent of the Mongol Khans.^[8]