These fish have a large brain and an unusual intelligence,[10] they feed on benthic and allochthonous invertebrates, as well as some crustaceans found in marshy and sandy areas of rivers and lakes.[11] Most of its species are sociable, and although their reproductive form is little known, they generally reproduce during the rainy season and their electrical organs transmit signals with the capacity to influence their reproductive and hormonal behavior.[12][13]
^Wilson, M. V. H.; Murray, A. M. (2008). "Osteoglossomorpha: phylogeny, biogeography, and fossil record and the significance of key African and Chinese fossil taxa". Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 295: 185–219. doi:10.1144/SP295.12. S2CID84322935.
^Hollmann, Michael; Engelmann, Jacob; von der Emde, G. (2008). "Distribution, density and morphology of electroreceptor organs in mormyrid weakly electric fish: anatomical investigations of a receptor mosaic". Journal of Zoology. 276 (2): 149–158. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2008.00465.x. ISSN1469-7998.
^Sterba, Günther (1999). Süsswasserfische der Welt (in German). Augsburg: Weltbild. p. 914. ISBN978-38-9350-991-1.
^Simon, Neal (2002). "Hormonal Processes in the Development and Expression of Aggressive Behavior". Hormones, Brain and Behavior. Vol. 1. Academic Press. ISBN978-00-8053-415-2.
^IUCN (2011). "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2". IUCN Red List.
^García, N.; Cuttelod, A.; Abdul Malak, D. (2011). The status and distribution of freshwater biodiversity in northern Africa. Switzerland: IUCN. p. 141. ISBN978-28-3171-271-0.