| Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate مُتَصَرِّفِيَّة جَبَل لُبْنَان | |||||||||||||
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| Mutasarrifate of the Ottoman Empire | |||||||||||||
| 9 June 1861–September 1918 | |||||||||||||
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| Capital | Deir el Qamar[1] | ||||||||||||
| Demonym | أَهْل الْجَبَل; "Ahl al-Jabal", lit. 'People of the Mountain' | ||||||||||||
| Population | |||||||||||||
• 1870[2] | 110,000 | ||||||||||||
• 1895[3] | 399,530 | ||||||||||||
• 1913[3] | 414,747 | ||||||||||||
• 1918[4] | 200,000 | ||||||||||||
| Historical era | 19th–20th century | ||||||||||||
| 3 August 1860 9 June 1861 | |||||||||||||
• Ottoman occupation | 1 September | ||||||||||||
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| Today part of | Lebanon | ||||||||||||
| History of Lebanon |
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| Timeline |
 Lebanon portal |
The Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate[5][6][7] (1861–1918, Arabic: مُتَصَرِّفِيَّة جَبَل لُبْنَان, romanized: Mutaṣarrifiyyat Jabal Lubnān; Ottoman Turkish: جَبَلِ لُبْنَان مُتَصَرِّفلِيغى, romanized: Cebel-i Lübnan Mutasarrıflığı)[a] was one of the Ottoman Empire's subdivisions following the 19-century Tanzimat reform. After 1861, there existed an autonomous Mount Lebanon with a Christian Mutasarrif (governor), which had been created as a homeland for the Maronites under European diplomatic pressure following the 1860 Druze–Maronite conflict. The Maronite Catholics and the Druze founded modern Lebanon in the early eighteenth century, through the ruling and social system known as the "Maronite-Druze dualism" in Mount Lebanon.[8]
This system came during the era of Tanzimat reforms initiated by Sultan Abdulmejid I in an attempt to extricate the Ottoman State from its internal problems, and it was approved after the major sectarian strife of 1860 and the numerous massacres that occurred in Mount Lebanon, Damascus, the Beqaa Valley and Jabal Amil among Muslims and Christians in general, and the Druze and Maronites in particular; the European countries exploited the sectarian tensions to pressure the Sultan in a way that achieved their economic and ideological interests in the Arab East. The Mutasarrifate era is characterized by the spread of national consciousness, science and culture among the Lebanese, for many reasons, including: the spread of schools in numerous villages, towns and cities, and the opening of two large universities that are still among the oldest and most prestigious universities in the Middle East, namely the Syrian Evangelical College, which became the American University of Beirut, and the Saint Joseph University.
The Mutasarrifate era is also characterized by the beginning of the Lebanese emigration to Egypt, Western European countries, North and South America, where a number of immigrants achieved great success that weren't possible to achieve in their homeland, and many of these immigrants contributed to the revival of the Arabic Language and Arabic literature after a stalemate that lasted for many years, and contributed to raising the Arab national spirit and political awareness in the period of Al-Nahda among Arabs, whether in Lebanon or in neighboring countries. The autonomy of Mount Lebanon (Mutasarrifate) ended with the Ottoman occupation at the beginning of World War I. The Ottomans started an organized famine (known as Kafno). The defeat of the Ottoman Empire led to a French military invasion in 1918, this initiated the French Mandate.
- ^ Pavet de Courteille, Abel (1876). État présent de l'empire ottoman (in French). J. Dumaine. pp. 112–113.
- ^ Reports by Her Majesty's secretaries of embassy and legation on the ... Great Britain. Foreign office. 1870. p. 176. Archived from the original on 17 August 2023. Retrieved 14 November 2015.
- ^ a b Cite error: The named reference
Fertility page 29was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Harris, William (2012). Lebanon: A History, 600–2011. Oxford University Press. p. 174. ISBN 9780195181111. Archived from the original on 17 August 2023. Retrieved 5 November 2022.
- ^ Fisk, Robert; Debevoise, Malcolm; Kassir, Samir (2010). Beirut. University of California Press. p. 94. ISBN 978-0-520-25668-2.
- ^ Salwa C. Nassar Foundation (1969). Cultural resources in Lebanon. Beirut: Librarie du Liban. p. 74.
- ^ Winslow, Charles (1996). Lebanon: war and politics in a fragmented society. Routledge. p. 291. ISBN 978-0-415-14403-2.
- ^ Deeb, Marius (2013). Syria, Iran, and Hezbollah: The Unholy Alliance and Its War on Lebanon. Hoover Press. ISBN 9780817916664.
the Maronites and the Druze, who founded Lebanon in the early eighteenth century.
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