Multi-junction solar cell

Multi-junction (MJ) solar cells are solar cells with multiple p–n junctions made of different semiconductor materials. Each material's p–n junction will produce electric current in response to different wavelengths of light. The use of multiple semiconducting materials allows the absorbance of a broader range of wavelengths, improving the cell's sunlight to electrical energy conversion efficiency.

Traditional single-junction cells have a maximum theoretical efficiency of 33.16%.^[2] Theoretically, an infinite number of junctions would have a limiting efficiency of 86.8% under highly concentrated sunlight.^[3]

As of 2024 the best lab examples of traditional crystalline silicon (c-Si) solar cells had efficiencies up to 27.1%,^[4] while lab examples of multi-junction cells have demonstrated performance over 46% under concentrated sunlight.^[5][6][7] Commercial examples of tandem cells are widely available at 30% under one-sun illumination,^[8][9] and improve to around 40% under concentrated sunlight. However, this efficiency is gained at the cost of increased complexity and manufacturing price. To date, their higher price and higher price-to-performance ratio have limited their use to special roles, notably in aerospace where their high power-to-weight ratio is desirable. In terrestrial applications, these solar cells are emerging in concentrator photovoltaics (CPV), but cannot compete with single junction solar panels unless a higher power density is required.^[10]

Tandem fabrication techniques have been used to improve the performance of existing designs. In particular, the technique can be applied to lower cost thin-film solar cells using amorphous silicon, as opposed to conventional crystalline silicon, to produce a cell with about 10% efficiency that is lightweight and flexible. This approach has been used by several commercial vendors,^[11] but these products are currently limited to certain niche roles, like roofing materials.