Munshi

Portrait of Abdul Karim (the Munshi) by Rudolf Swoboda.

Munshi is a Persian word, originally used for a contractor, writer, or secretary, and later used in Mughal India for native language teachers, teachers of various subjects, especially administrative principles, religious texts, science, and philosophy and were also secretaries and translators employed by Europeans.[1]

  1. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Munshi" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.