Myopia

For other uses, see Myopia (disambiguation).

Myopia
Other namesnear-sightedness, short-sightedness
Diagram showing changes in the eye with myopia
SpecialtyOphthalmology, optometry
SymptomsDistant objects appear blurry, close objects appear normal, headaches, eye strain[1]
ComplicationsRetinal detachment, cataracts, glaucoma[2]
CausesCombination of genetic and environmental factors[2]
Risk factorsNear work, greater time spent indoors, family history[2][3]
Diagnostic methodEye examination[1]
PreventionUnknown
TreatmentEyeglasses, contact lenses, surgery[1]
Frequency1.5 billion people (22%)[2][4]

Myopia, also known as near-sightedness and short-sightedness,[5] is an eye disease[6][7][8] where light from distant objects focuses in front of, instead of on, the retina.[1][2][7] As a result, distant objects appear blurry while close objects appear normal.[1] Other symptoms may include headaches and eye strain.[1][9] Severe myopia is associated with an increased risk of macular degeneration, retinal detachment, cataracts, and glaucoma.[2][10]

Myopia results from the length of the eyeball growing too long or less commonly the lens being too strong.[1][11] It is a type of refractive error.[1] Diagnosis is by the use of cycloplegics during eye examination.[12]

Tentative evidence indicates that the risk of myopia can be decreased by having young children spend more time outside.[13][14] This decrease in risk may be related to natural light exposure.[15] Myopia can be corrected with eyeglasses, contact lenses, or by refractive surgery.[1][16] Eyeglasses are the simplest and safest method of correction.[1] Contact lenses can provide a relatively wider corrected field of vision, but are associated with an increased risk of infection.[1][17] Refractive surgeries like LASIK and PRK permanently change the shape of the cornea. Other procedures include implantable collamer lens (ICL) inside the anterior chamber in front of the natural eye lens. ICL doesn't affect the cornea.[1][18]

Myopia is the most common eye problem and is estimated to affect 1.5 billion people (22% of the world population).[2][4] Rates vary significantly in different areas of the world.[2] Rates among adults are between 15% and 49%.[3][19] Among children, it affects 1% of rural Nepalese, 4% of South Africans, 12% of people in the US, and 37% in some large Chinese cities.[2][3] In China the proportion of girls is slightly higher than boys.[20][21] Rates have increased since the 1950s.[19] Uncorrected myopia is one of the most common causes of vision impairment globally along with cataracts, macular degeneration, and vitamin A deficiency.[19][22][23][24]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Facts About Refractive Errors". NEI. October 2010. Archived from the original on 28 July 2016. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Foster PJ, Jiang Y (February 2014). "Epidemiology of myopia". Eye. 28 (2): 202–8. doi:10.1038/eye.2013.280. PMC 3930282. PMID 24406412.
  3. ^ a b c Pan CW, Ramamurthy D, Saw SM (January 2012). "Worldwide prevalence and risk factors for myopia". Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics. 32 (1): 3–16. doi:10.1111/j.1475-1313.2011.00884.x. PMID 22150586. S2CID 32397628.
  4. ^ a b Holden B, Sankaridurg P, Smith E, Aller T, Jong M, He M (February 2014). "Myopia, an underrated global challenge to vision: where the current data takes us on myopia control". Eye. 28 (2): 142–6. doi:10.1038/eye.2013.256. PMC 3930268. PMID 24357836.
  5. ^ Bikas B (2009). Textbook of Visual Science and Clinical Optometry (First ed.). New Delhi, India: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publisher. p. 143. ISBN 9788184485998.
  6. ^ "Myopia - EyeWiki".
  7. ^ a b "Nearsightedness: What Is Myopia?". American Academy of Ophthalmology. 22 September 2022. Retrieved 3 October 2023.
  8. ^ "Short-sightedness (myopia)". nhs.uk. 23 October 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2023.
  9. ^ Whitney S. "Eye Health and Nearsightedness in Children and Adults". WebMD. Retrieved 3 October 2023.
  10. ^ Haarman AE, Enthoven CA, Tideman JW, Tedja MS, Verhoeven VJ, Klaver CC (29 April 2020). "The Complications of Myopia: A Review and Meta-Analysis". Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 61 (4): 49. doi:10.1167/iovs.61.4.49. ISSN 0146-0404. PMC 7401976. PMID 32347918.
  11. ^ Ledford A, Nemeth SC, Ledford JK (2008). Ocular anatomy and physiology (2nd ed.). Thorofare, NJ: SLACK. p. 158. ISBN 9781556427923. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017.
  12. ^ Ajay Kumar B (2014). Clinical Refraction Guide (First ed.). New Delhi, India: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) LTD. p. 63. ISBN 978-93-5152-063-4.
  13. ^ Ramamurthy D, Lin Chua SY, Saw SM (November 2015). "A review of environmental risk factors for myopia during early life, childhood and adolescence". Clinical & Experimental Optometry (Review). 98 (6): 497–506. doi:10.1111/cxo.12346. PMID 26497977.
  14. ^ Xiong S, Sankaridurg P, Naduvilath T, Zang J, Zou H, Zhu J, et al. (September 2017). "Time spent in outdoor activities in relation to myopia prevention and control: a meta-analysis and systematic review". Acta Ophthalmologica. 95 (6): 551–566. doi:10.1111/aos.13403. PMC 5599950. PMID 28251836.
  15. ^ Hobday R (January 2016). "Myopia and daylight in schools: a neglected aspect of public health?". Perspectives in Public Health. 136 (1): 50–5. doi:10.1177/1757913915576679. PMID 25800796. S2CID 19400451.
  16. ^ "Short-sightedness (myopia)". nhs.uk. 23 October 2017. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
  17. ^ "Benefits of Vision Correction with Contact Lenses | Contact Lenses | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 30 November 2022. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
  18. ^ Chen X, Wang XY, Zhang X, Chen Z, Zhou XT (18 October 2016). "Implantable collamer lens for residual refractive error after corneal refractive surgery". International Journal of Ophthalmology. 9 (10): 1421–1426. doi:10.18240/ijo.2016.10.09. ISSN 2222-3959. PMC 5075656. PMID 27803858.
  19. ^ a b c Pan CW, Dirani M, Cheng CY, Wong TY, Saw SM (March 2015). "The age-specific prevalence of myopia in Asia: a meta-analysis". Optometry and Vision Science. 92 (3): 258–66. doi:10.1097/opx.0000000000000516. PMID 25611765. S2CID 42359341.
  20. ^ Dong L, Kang YK, Li Y, Wei WB, Jonas JB (March 2020). "Prevalence And Time Trends Of Myopia In Children And Adolescents In China: A Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis". Retina. 40 (3): 399–411. doi:10.1097/IAE.0000000000002590. PMID 31259808. S2CID 195756787.
  21. ^ Yin Y, Qiu C, Qi Y (24 August 2022). "Myopia in Chinese Adolescents: Its Influencing Factors and Correlation with Physical Activities". Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine. 2022: 4700325. doi:10.1155/2022/4700325. ISSN 1748-670X. PMC 9433230. PMID 36060664. (Retracted, see doi:10.1155/2023/9861925, PMID 37538449,  Retraction Watch. If this is an intentional citation to a retracted paper, please replace {{retracted|...}} with {{retracted|...|intentional=yes}}.)
  22. ^ Fredrick DR (18 May 2002). "Myopia". BMJ: British Medical Journal. 324 (7347): 1195–1199. doi:10.1136/bmj.324.7347.1195. ISSN 0959-8138. PMC 1123161. PMID 12016188.
  23. ^ "Common Eye Disorders and Diseases | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 29 September 2023. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
  24. ^ "Vision impairment and blindness". www.who.int. Retrieved 25 October 2023.