NOD-like receptor

Structure and domain organization of NOD2, a human NOD-like receptor

The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors, or NOD-like receptors (NLRs) (also known as nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors),[1] are intracellular sensors of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that enter the cell via phagocytosis or pores, and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that are associated with cell stress. They are types of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs),[2] and play key roles in the regulation of innate immune response. NLRs can cooperate with toll-like receptors (TLRs) and regulate inflammatory and apoptotic response.

NLRs primarily recognize Gram-positive bacteria, whereas TLRs primarily recognize Gram-negative bacteria. They are found in lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells and also in non-immune cells, for example in epithelium.[3] NLRs are highly conserved through evolution. Their homologs have been discovered in many different animal species (APAF1)[4][5] and also in the plant kingdom (disease-resistance R protein).[5]

  1. ^ Mahla, Ranjeet (2013). "Sweeten PAMPs: Role of Sugar Complexed PAMPs in Innate Immunity and Vaccine Biology". Front Immunol. 4: 248. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2013.00248. PMC 3759294. PMID 24032031.
  2. ^ Mahla RS, Reddy MC, Prasad DV, Kumar H (September 2013). "Sweeten PAMPs: Role of Sugar Complexed PAMPs in Innate Immunity and Vaccine Biology". Frontiers in Immunology. 4: 248. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2013.00248. PMC 3759294. PMID 24032031.
  3. ^ Franchi L, Warner N, Viani K, Nuñez G (2009). "Function of Nod-like receptors in microbial recognition and host defense". Immunol Rev. 227 (1): 106–28. doi:10.1111/j.1600-065X.2008.00734.x. PMC 2679989. PMID 19120480.
  4. ^ Ogura Y, Inohara N, Benito A, Chen FF, Yamaoka S, Nunez G (2001). "Nod2, a Nod1/Apaf-1 family member that is restricted to monocytes and activates NF-kappaB". J Biol Chem. 276 (7): 4812–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.M008072200. PMID 11087742.
  5. ^ a b Inohara N, Ogura Y, Chen FF, Muto A, Nuñez G (2001). "Human Nod1 confers responsiveness to bacterial lipopolysaccharides". J Biol Chem. 276 (4): 2551–4. doi:10.1074/jbc.M009728200. PMID 11058605.