Nanofluid

This article is about fluids containing nanoparticles. For the dynamics of fluids confined in nanoscale structures, see Nanofluidics.

A nanofluid is a fluid containing nanometer-sized particles, called nanoparticles. These fluids are engineered colloidal suspensions of nanoparticles in a base fluid.[1][2] The nanoparticles used in nanofluids are typically made of metals, oxides, carbides, or carbon nanotubes. Common base fluids include water, ethylene glycol,[3] and oil.

Nanofluids have many potentially heat transfer applications,[4] including microelectronics, fuel cells, pharmaceutical processes, and hybrid-powered engines,[5] engine cooling/vehicle thermal management, domestic refrigerator, chiller, heat exchanger, in grinding, machining and in boiler flue gas temperature reduction. They exhibit enhanced thermal conductivity and convective heat transfer coefficient compared to the base fluid.[6] Knowledge of the rheological behaviour of nanofluids is critical in deciding their suitability for convective heat transfer applications.[7][8] Nanofluids also have special acoustical properties and in ultrasonic fields display shear-wave reconversion of an incident compressional wave; the effect becomes more pronounced as concentration increases.[9]

In computational fluid dynamics (CFD), nanofluids can be assumed to be single phase fluids;[10][11] however, almost all academic papers use a two-phase assumption. Classical theory of single phase fluids can be applied, where physical properties of nanofluid is taken as a function of properties of both constituents and their concentrations.[12] An alternative approach simulates nanofluids using a two-component model.[13]

The spreading of a nanofluid droplet is enhanced by the solid-like ordering structure of nanoparticles assembled near the contact line by diffusion, which gives rise to a structural disjoining pressure in the vicinity of the contact line.[14] However, such enhancement is not observed for small droplets with diameter of nanometer scale, because the wetting time scale is much smaller than the diffusion time scale.[15]

  1. ^ Taylor, R.A.; et al. (2013). "Small particles, big impacts: A review of the diverse applications of nanofluids". Journal of Applied Physics. 113 (1): 011301–011301–19. Bibcode:2013JAP...113a1301T. doi:10.1063/1.4754271.
  2. ^ Buongiorno, J. (March 2006). "Convective Transport in Nanofluids". Journal of Heat Transfer. 128 (3): 240–250. doi:10.1115/1.2150834. Retrieved 27 March 2010.
  3. ^ "Argonne Transportation Technology R&D Center". Archived from the original on 23 March 2012. Retrieved 27 March 2010.
  4. ^ Minkowycz, W., et al., Nanoparticle Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow, CRC Press, Taylor & Francis, 2013
  5. ^ Das, Sarit K.; Stephen U. S. Choi; Wenhua Yu; T. Pradeep (2007). Nanofluids: Science and Technology. Wiley-Interscience. p. 397. Archived from the original on 3 December 2010. Retrieved 27 March 2010.
  6. ^ Kakaç, Sadik; Anchasa Pramuanjaroenkij (2009). "Review of convective heat transfer enhancement with nanofluids". International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 52 (13–14): 3187–3196. Bibcode:2009IJHMT..52.3187K. doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2009.02.006.
  7. ^ Witharana, Sanjeeva; Chen, Haisheng; Ding, Yulong (2011-03-16). "Stability of nanofluids in quiescent and shear flow fields". Nanoscale Research Letters. 6 (1): 231. Bibcode:2011NRL.....6..231W. doi:10.1186/1556-276X-6-231. ISSN 1931-7573. PMC 3211290. PMID 21711748.
  8. ^ Chen, H.; Witharana, S.; et al. (2009). "Predicting thermal conductivity of liquid suspensions of nanoparticles (nanofluids) based on Rheology". Particuology. 7 (2): 151–157. doi:10.1016/j.partic.2009.01.005.
  9. ^ Forrester, D. M.; et al. (2016). "Experimental verification of nanofluid shear-wave reconversion in ultrasonic fields". Nanoscale. 8 (10): 5497–5506. Bibcode:2016Nanos...8.5497F. doi:10.1039/C5NR07396K. PMID 26763173.
  10. ^ Sreekumar, S.; Shah, N.; Mondol, J.; Hewitt, N.; Chakrabarti, S. (June 2022). "Numerical Investigation and Feasibility Study on MXene/Water Nanofluid Based Photovoltaic/thermal System". Cleaner Energy Systems. 103: 504–515. Bibcode:2022CESys...200010S. doi:10.1016/j.cles.2022.100010. S2CID 249738724.
  11. ^ Alizadeh, M. R.; Dehghan, A. A. (2014-02-01). "Conjugate Natural Convection of Nanofluids in an Enclosure with a Volumetric Heat Source". Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering. 39 (2): 1195–1207. doi:10.1007/s13369-013-0658-2. ISSN 2191-4281. S2CID 137198606.
  12. ^ Maiga, Sidi El Becaye; Palm, S.J.; Nguyen, C.T.; Roy, G; Galanis, N (3 June 2005). "Heat transfer enhancement by using nanofluids in forced convection flows". International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow. 26 (4): 530–546. Bibcode:2005IJHFF..26..530M. doi:10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2005.02.004.
  13. ^ Kuznetsov, A.V.; Nield, D.A. (2010). "Natural convective boundary-layer flow of a nanofluid past a vertical plate". International Journal of Thermal Sciences. 49 (2): 243–247. Bibcode:2010IJTS...49..243K. doi:10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2009.07.015.
  14. ^ Wasan, Darsh T.; Nikolov, Alex D. (May 2003). "Spreading of nanofluids on solids". Nature. 423 (6936): 156–159. Bibcode:2003Natur.423..156W. doi:10.1038/nature01591. PMID 12736681. S2CID 4419113.
  15. ^ Lu, Gui; Hu, Han; Duan, Yuanyuan; Sun, Ying (2013). "Wetting kinetics of water nano-droplet containing non-surfactant nanoparticles: A molecular dynamics study". Appl. Phys. Lett. 103 (25): 253104. Bibcode:2013ApPhL.103y3104L. doi:10.1063/1.4837717. S2CID 22154751.