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| Neodymium | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Pronunciation | /ˌniːoʊˈdɪmiəm/ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Appearance | silvery white | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Standard atomic weight Ar°(Nd) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Neodymium in the periodic table | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Atomic number (Z) | 60 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Group | f-block groups (no number) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Period | period 6 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Block | f-block | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electron configuration | [Xe] 4f4 6s2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electrons per shell | 2, 8, 18, 22, 8, 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Physical properties | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Phase at STP | solid | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Melting point | 1295 K (1022 °C, 1872 °F)[3] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Boiling point | 3347 K (3074 °C, 5565 °F) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Density (at 20° C) | 7.007 g/cm3 [3] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| when liquid (at m.p.) | 6.89 g/cm3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Heat of fusion | 7.14 kJ/mol | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Heat of vaporization | 289 kJ/mol | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Molar heat capacity | 27.45 J/(mol·K) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Vapor pressure
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| Atomic properties | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Oxidation states | common: +3 0,[4] +2,[5] +4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electronegativity | Pauling scale: 1.14 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ionization energies |
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| Atomic radius | empirical: 181 pm | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Covalent radius | 201±6 pm | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Other properties | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Natural occurrence | primordial | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Crystal structure | double hexagonal close-packed (dhcp) (hP4) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lattice constants |  c = 1.17968 nm (at 20 °C)[3] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Thermal expansion | 6.7×10−6/K (at 20 °C)[3][a] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Thermal conductivity | 16.5 W/(m⋅K) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electrical resistivity | poly: 643 nΩ⋅m | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Magnetic ordering | paramagnetic, antiferromagnetic below 20 K[6] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Molar magnetic susceptibility | +5628.0×10−6 cm3/mol (287.7 K)[7] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Young's modulus | 41.4 GPa | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Shear modulus | 16.3 GPa | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bulk modulus | 31.8 GPa | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Speed of sound thin rod | 2330 m/s (at 20 °C) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Poisson ratio | 0.281 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Vickers hardness | 345–745 MPa | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Brinell hardness | 265–700 MPa | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| CAS Number | 7440-00-8 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| History | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Discovery | Carl Gustaf Mosander (1841) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| First isolation | Carl Auer von Welsbach (1885) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Named by | Carl Auer von Welsbach (1885) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Isotopes of neodymium | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Neodymium is a chemical element; it has symbol Nd and atomic number 60. It is the fourth member of the lanthanide series and is considered to be one of the rare-earth metals. It is a hard, slightly malleable, silvery metal that quickly tarnishes in air and moisture. When oxidized, neodymium reacts quickly producing pink, purple/blue and yellow compounds in the +2, +3 and +4 oxidation states. It is generally regarded as having one of the most complex spectra of the elements.[9] Neodymium was discovered in 1885 by the Austrian chemist Carl Auer von Welsbach, who also discovered praseodymium. It is present in significant quantities in the minerals monazite and bastnäsite. Neodymium is not found naturally in metallic form or unmixed with other lanthanides, and it is usually refined for general use. Neodymium is fairly common—about as common as cobalt, nickel, or copper—and is widely distributed in the Earth's crust.[10] Most of the world's commercial neodymium is mined in China, as is the case with many other rare-earth metals.
Neodymium compounds were first commercially used as glass dyes in 1927 and remain a popular additive. The color of neodymium compounds comes from the Nd3+ ion and is often a reddish-purple. This color changes with the type of lighting because of the interaction of the sharp light absorption bands of neodymium with ambient light enriched with the sharp visible emission bands of mercury, trivalent europium or terbium. Glasses that have been doped with neodymium are used in lasers that emit infrared with wavelengths between 1047 and 1062 nanometers. These lasers have been used in extremely high-power applications, such as in inertial confinement fusion. Neodymium is also used with various other substrate crystals, such as yttrium aluminium garnet in the Nd:YAG laser.
Neodymium alloys are used to make high-strength neodymium magnets, which are powerful permanent magnets.[11] These magnets are widely used in products like microphones, professional loudspeakers, in-ear headphones, high-performance hobby DC electric motors, and computer hard disks, where low magnet mass (or volume) or strong magnetic fields are required. Larger neodymium magnets are used in electric motors with a high power-to-weight ratio (e.g., in hybrid cars) and generators (e.g., aircraft and wind turbine electric generators).[12]
- ^ "Standard Atomic Weights: Neodymium". CIAAW. 2005.
- ^ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
- ^ a b c d e Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. ISBN 978-1-62708-155-9.
- ^ Yttrium and all lanthanides except Ce and Pm have been observed in the oxidation state 0 in bis(1,3,5-tri-t-butylbenzene) complexes, see Cloke, F. Geoffrey N. (1993). "Zero Oxidation State Compounds of Scandium, Yttrium, and the Lanthanides". Chem. Soc. Rev. 22: 17–24. doi:10.1039/CS9932200017. and Arnold, Polly L.; Petrukhina, Marina A.; Bochenkov, Vladimir E.; Shabatina, Tatyana I.; Zagorskii, Vyacheslav V.; Cloke (2003-12-15). "Arene complexation of Sm, Eu, Tm and Yb atoms: a variable temperature spectroscopic investigation". Journal of Organometallic Chemistry. 688 (1–2): 49–55. doi:10.1016/j.jorganchem.2003.08.028.
- ^ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
- ^ Gschneidner, K. A.; Eyring, L. (1978). Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths. Amsterdam: North Holland. ISBN 0444850228.
- ^ Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.
- ^ a b Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
- ^ Werbowy, S., Windholz, L. Studies of Landé gJ-factors of singly ionized neodymium isotopes (142, 143 and 145) at relatively small magnetic fields up to 334 G by collinear laser ion beam spectroscopy. Eur. Phys. J. D 71, 16 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1140/epjd/e2016-70641-3
- ^ See Abundances of the elements (data page).
- ^ Herbst, J.F.; Croat, J.J. (Nov 1991). "Neodymium-iron-boron permanent magnets". Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. 100 (1–3): 57–78. Bibcode:1991JMMM..100...57H. doi:10.1016/0304-8853(91)90812-o. ISSN 0304-8853.
- ^ Gorman, Steve (August 31, 2009) As hybrid cars gobble rare metals, shortage looms, Reuters.
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