Neurosurgical anesthesia

Neurosurgical anesthesiology,^[1] neuroanesthesiology, or neurological anesthesiology^[2] is a subspecialty of anesthesiology devoted to the total perioperative care of patients before, during, and after neurological surgeries, including surgeries of the central (CNS) and peripheral nervous systems (PNS). The field has undergone extensive development since the 1960s correlating with the ability to measure intracranial pressure (ICP), cerebral blood flow (CBF), and cerebral metabolic rate (CMR).^{[3][page needed][4]}