Neutron supermirror

Science with neutrons
Foundations
Neutron temperature Flux, Radiation, Transport Cross section, Absorption, Activation
Neutron scattering
Neutron diffraction Small-angle neutron scattering GISANS Reflectometry Inelastic neutron scattering Triple-axis spectrometer Time-of-flight spectrometer Backscattering spectrometer Spin-echo spectrometer
Other applications
Neutron tomography Activation analysis, Prompt gamma activation analysis Fundamental research with neutrons: Ultracold neutrons, Interferometry Fast neutron therapy Neutron capture therapy
Infrastructure
Neutron sources: Research reactor, Spallation, Neutron moderator Neutron optics: Reflector, Supermirror Detection
Neutron facilities
America: HFIR, LANSCE, NIST CNR -SNS Oceania: OPAL Asia: J-PARC, HANARO Europe: BER II, FRM II, ILL, ISIS Neutron and Muon Source, JINR, SINQ Historic: IPNS, HFBR Under construction: ESS
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A neutron supermirror is a highly polished, layered material used to reflect neutron beams. Supermirrors are a special case of multi-layer neutron reflectors with varying layer thicknesses.^[1]

The first neutron supermirror concept was proposed by Ferenc Mezei [hu],^[2] inspired by earlier work with X-rays.

Supermirrors are produced by depositing alternating layers of strongly contrasting substances, such as nickel and titanium, on a smooth substrate. A single layer of high refractive index material (e.g. nickel) exhibits total external reflection at small grazing angles up to a critical angle ${\displaystyle \theta _{c}}$. For nickel with natural isotopic abundances, ${\displaystyle \theta _{c}}$ in degrees is approximately ${\displaystyle 0.1\cdot \lambda }$ where ${\displaystyle \lambda }$ is the neutron wavelength in Angstrom units.

A mirror with a larger effective critical angle can be made by exploiting diffraction (with non-zero losses) that occurs from stacked multilayers.^[3] The critical angle of total reflection, in degrees, becomes approximately ${\displaystyle 0.1\cdot \lambda \cdot m}$, where ${\displaystyle m}$ is the "m-value" relative to natural nickel. ${\displaystyle m}$ values in the range of 1–3 are common, in specific areas for high-divergence (e.g. using focussing optics near the source, choppers, or experimental areas) m=6 is readily available.

Nickel has a positive scattering cross section, and titanium has a negative scattering cross section, and in both elements the absorption cross section is small, which makes Ni-Ti the most efficient technology with neutrons. The number of Ni-Ti layers needed increases rapidly as ${\displaystyle \propto m^{z}}$, with ${\displaystyle z}$ in the range 2–4, which affects the cost. This has a strong bearing on the economic strategy of neutron instrument design.^[4]