Nikolai Kardashev

In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming customs, the patronymic is Semyonovich and the family name is Kardashev.
Nikolai Kardashev
Николай Кардашёв
Born
Nikolai Semyonovich Kardashev

(1932-04-25)25 April 1932
Moscow, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union
Died3 August 2019(2019-08-03) (aged 87)
Moscow, Russia
NationalityRussian
OccupationAstrophysicist
Known forKardashev scale

Nikolai Semyonovich Kardashev[1] (Russian: Никола́й Семёнович Кардашёв, IPA: [nʲɪkɐˈlaj sʲɪˈmʲɵnəvʲɪtɕ kərdɐˈʂof]; April 25, 1932 – August 3, 2019[2]) was a Soviet and Russian astrophysicist, Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, and the deputy director of the Astro Space Center of PN Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Moscow. Kardashev is best known for his scale,[3] which measures a civilization's status in evolution based off the amount of energy it is capable of harnessing.

  1. ^ Also transliterated Kardashov, preserving the letter yo.
  2. ^ "Умер выдающийся советский астрофизик Николай Кардашев" (in Russian). Красная Весна. 2019-08-04.
  3. ^ Kardashev, Nikolai S. (1964). "Transmission of information by extraterrestrial civilizations" (PDF). Soviet Astronomy. 8: 217. Bibcode:1964SvA.....8..217K. Archived from the original on 2022-01-12. Retrieved 2023-08-24.