Nine Provinces

The term Nine Provinces or Nine Regions^[1] (Chinese: 九州; pinyin: Jiǔ Zhōu), is used in ancient Chinese histories to refer to territorial divisions or islands during the Xia and Shang dynasties and has now come to symbolically represent China. "Province" is the word used to translate zhou (州) – since before the Tang dynasty (618–907 CE), it was the largest Chinese territorial division. Although the current definition of the Nine Provinces can be dated to the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods, it was not until the Eastern Han dynasty that the Nine Provinces were treated as actual administrative regions.

^ Lagerwey, John; Kalinowski, Marc (2008-12-24). "Ritual practices for constructing terrestrial space (Warring States – Early Han) by Vera Dorofeeva-Lichtmann". Early Chinese Religion: Part One: Shang Through Han (1250 BC-220 AD) (2 Vols). BRILL. pp. 595–644. ISBN 978-90-04-16835-0.

[1] Lagerwey, John; Kalinowski, Marc (2008-12-24). "Ritual practices for constructing terrestrial space (Warring States – Early Han) by Vera Dorofeeva-Lichtmann". Early Chinese Religion: Part One: Shang Through Han (1250 BC-220 AD) (2 Vols). BRILL. pp. 595–644. ISBN 978-90-04-16835-0.

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