Nuclear cross section

The nuclear cross section of a nucleus is used to describe the probability that a nuclear reaction will occur.^[1][2] The concept of a nuclear cross section can be quantified physically in terms of "characteristic area" where a larger area means a larger probability of interaction. The standard unit for measuring a nuclear cross section (denoted as σ) is the barn, which is equal to 10⁻²⁸ m², 10⁻²⁴ cm² or 100 fm². Cross sections can be measured for all possible interaction processes together, in which case they are called total cross sections, or for specific processes, distinguishing elastic scattering and inelastic scattering; of the latter, amongst neutron cross sections the absorption cross sections are of particular interest.

In nuclear physics it is conventional to consider the impinging particles as point particles having negligible diameter. Cross sections can be computed for any nuclear process, such as capture scattering, production of neutrons, or nuclear fusion. In many cases, the number of particles emitted or scattered in nuclear processes is not measured directly; one merely measures the attenuation produced in a parallel beam of incident particles by the interposition of a known thickness of a particular material. The cross section obtained in this way is called the total cross section and is usually denoted by a σ or σ_T.

Typical nuclear radii are of the order 10⁻¹⁵ m. Assuming spherical shape, we therefore expect the cross sections for nuclear reactions to be of the order of ⁠${\displaystyle \pi r^{2}}$⁠ or 10⁻²⁸ m² (i.e., 1 barn). Observed cross sections vary enormously: for example, slow neutrons absorbed by the (n, ${\displaystyle \gamma }$) reaction show a cross section much higher than 1,000 barns in some cases (boron-10, cadmium-113, and xenon-135), while the cross sections for transmutations by gamma-ray absorption are in the region of 0.001 barn.