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| Ochotnicza Rezerwa Milicji Obywatelskiej (Volunteer Reserve of the Citizens' Militia) | |
|---|---|
.jpg) ORMO voluntary police unit during a street parade at Victory Square in Warsaw on 9 June 1946 | |
| Active | 1946–1989 |
| Country | Polish People's Republic |
| Allegiance | Citizens' Militia (MO) |
| Branch | ZOMO |
| Type | Paramilitary police reserve |
| Size | Max. 450,000 members |
| Nickname(s) | ORMO |
The Volunteer Reserve of the Citizens' Militia (ORMO; Polish: Ochotnicza Rezerwa Milicji Obywatelskiej) was a paramilitary reserve organization of the Citizen's Militia (MO), the police force of the Polish People's Republic.[1]
ORMO was created in 1946 to help establish communist rule in Poland in the aftermath of World War II. It had approximately 400,000–450,000 people in its reserves (at one time numbered as many as 600,000 civilian volunteers),[2] recruited mostly from the ruling Polish United Workers' Party, a large share of members of the United People's Party and Democratic Party, farmers and workers with communist sympathies, and other non-party opportunists. ORMO was often involved in political repression in Poland, including the unlawful arrest and beatings of peaceful protesters,[3][4][5] such as during the public demonstrations organized by Solidarity which opposed the communist government.[4][6] ORMO was disbanded by the Sejm in 1989 during the collapse of the communism in Poland.[7]
- ^ "Postępowanie członków ORMO wykonujących zadania społeczne w ochronie porządku publicznego". Instrukcja (in Polish). Polska Ludowa.com. Archived from the original on 14 August 2008. Retrieved 29 May 2012.
- ^ "Militia Forces". lcweb2.loc.gov. Archived from the original on 9 January 2009.
- ^ "IPN bada grupę ORMO prowokującą zamieszki". Prasa. INTERIA.PL / PAP. 27 December 2009. Archived from the original on 18 January 2017. Retrieved 17 January 2017.
- ^ a b Cite error: The named reference
polityka.pl-2was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "March '68". Exhibition. Institute of National Remembrance. pp. 1–2. Introduction, followed by scans of articles. Archived from the original on 31 January 2018. Retrieved 2 June 2012.
The Voluntary Reserves of the Citizens' Militia (armed with cable and truncheons) beating the students, were met with shouts of "Gestapo!", "Gestapo!"
- ^ "IPN bierze się za grupę prowokatorów z ORMO". Am/PAP. 27 December 2009. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 29 May 2012.
From the Polish original: According to Institute of National Remembrance, ORMO resorted to brutal use of force against participants of street demonstrations numerous times.
- ^ Popularna Encyklopedia Powszechna Wydawnictwa Fogra (1996–2012). "ORMO". Historia współczesna (in Polish). Encyklopedia WIEM. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 29 May 2012.