Operation Banner

Operation Banner
Part of the Troubles and the dissident Irish republican campaign
Two British Army soldiers at a checkpoint near Newry, Northern Ireland, 1988
Date 14 August 1969 – 31 July 2007 (37 years, 11 months, 2 weeks and 3 days) Location Northern Ireland Result Stalemate[1][2] Paramilitary ceasefires Demilitarisation Good Friday Agreement
Belligerents
British Armed Forces Royal Ulster Constabulary	Irish republican paramilitaries	Ulster loyalist paramilitaries
Commanders and leaders
	Sean MacStiofain Seamus Costello Gerard Steenson Cathal Goulding	Gusty Spence Johnny Adair Billy Wright
Strength
21,000 British soldiers[3] 6,500 UDR[4] Total: c. 40,500
Casualties and losses
722 deaths from paramilitary attacks 719 deaths from other causes 6,100 injured [5]	PIRA 97 killed by British Army INLA 5 killed by British Army IPLO 1 killed by British Army 1 OIRA killed by British Army[6]	UVF 7 killed by British Army UDA 7 killed by British Army[6]

Operation Banner was the operational name for the British Armed Forces' operation in Northern Ireland from 1969 to 2007, as part of the Troubles. It was the longest continuous deployment in British military history.^[7][8] The British Army was initially deployed, at the request of the unionist government of Northern Ireland, in response to the August 1969 riots. Its role was to support the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) and to assert the authority of the British government in Northern Ireland. This involved counter-insurgency and supporting the police in carrying out internal security duties such as guarding key points, mounting checkpoints and patrols, carrying out raids and searches, riot control and bomb disposal. More than 300,000 soldiers served in Operation Banner.^[9] At the peak of the operation in the 1970s, about 21,000 British troops were deployed, most of them from Great Britain. As part of the operation, a new locally-recruited regiment was also formed: the Ulster Defence Regiment (UDR).

The Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) waged a guerrilla campaign against the British military from 1970 to 1997. Catholics welcomed the troops when they first arrived, because they saw the RUC as sectarian,^[10] but Catholic hostility to the British military's deployment grew after incidents such as the Falls Curfew (1970), Operation Demetrius (1971) and Bloody Sunday (1972). In their efforts to defeat the IRA, there were incidents of collusion between British soldiers and Ulster loyalist paramilitaries. From the late 1970s the British government adopted a policy of "Ulsterisation", which meant giving a greater role to local forces: the UDR and RUC. After the Good Friday Agreement in 1998, the operation was gradually scaled down, most military facilities were removed and the vast majority of British troops were withdrawn.

According to the Ministry of Defence, 1,441 serving British military personnel died in Operation Banner;^[11] 722 of whom were killed in paramilitary attacks,^[11] and 719 of whom died as a result of other causes.^[11] It suffered its greatest loss of life in the Warrenpoint ambush of 1979.