Operation Varsity

Operation Varsity
Part of Operation Plunder

C-47 transport aircraft drop hundreds of paratroopers as part of Operation Varsity.
Date24 March 1945
Location
North of Wesel, Germany
51°42′09″N 06°36′09″E / 51.70250°N 6.60250°E / 51.70250; 6.60250
Result Allied victory
Belligerents
 United States
 United Kingdom
 Canada		  Germany
Commanders and leaders
Matthew B. Ridgway
William M. Miley
Eric Bols		 Nazi Germany Wolfgang Erdmann
Nazi Germany Heinz Fiebig
Units involved

XVIII Airborne Corps

7th Parachute Div.
84th Infantry Div.
Strength
16,870[Note 1] 8,000 (est.)[Note 2]
Casualties and losses
2,378–2,700 casualties[Note 3]
72 aircraft[Note 4]		 Unknown total casualties
3,500 captured[2]

Operation Varsity (24 March 1945) was a successful airborne forces operation launched by Allied troops toward the end of World War II. Involving more than 16,000 paratroopers and several thousand aircraft, it is the largest airborne operation ever conducted on a single day and in one location.[Note 5]

Varsity was part of Operation Plunder, the Anglo-American-Canadian effort, led by Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery, to cross the northern Rhine River and from there enter Northern Germany. Varsity was meant to help the surface river assault troops secure a foothold across the Rhine in Western Germany by landing two airborne divisions on its eastern bank near the village of Hamminkeln and the town of Wesel.[10]

The plans called for dropping two divisions from U.S. XVIII Airborne Corps, under Major General Matthew B. Ridgway, to capture key territory and to generally disrupt German defenses to aid the advance of Allied ground forces. The British 6th Airborne Division was to capture the villages of Schnappenberg and Hamminkeln, clear part of the Diersfordter Wald (Diersfordt Forest) of German forces, and secure three bridges over the River Issel. The U.S. 17th Airborne Division was to capture the village of Diersfordt and clear the rest of the Diersfordter Wald of any remaining German forces. The two divisions would hold the territory they had captured until relieved by advancing units of 21st Army Group, and then join in the general advance into northern Germany.

The airborne forces made several mistakes. Pilot error caused paratroopers from the 513th Parachute Infantry Regiment, a regiment of the U.S. 17th Airborne Division, to miss their drop zone and land on a British drop zone instead. Still, the operation was a success: both divisions captured Rhine bridges and secured towns that could have been used by Germany to delay the advance of the British ground forces. The two divisions incurred more than 2,000 casualties, but captured about 3,500 German soldiers. The operation was the last large-scale Allied airborne operation of World War II.[11]

  1. ^ "1st Canadian Parachute Battalion Museum - HOME". 1stcanparamuseum.com. Archived from the original on 10 June 2023. Retrieved 13 June 2023.
  2. ^ a b c Ellis, p. 291
  3. ^ Cite error: The named reference Otway 299 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ The Parachute Regiment (26 March 2004). "Operation Varsity – The Rhine Crossing". Ministry of Defense. Archived from the original on 3 August 2006. Retrieved 26 January 2010.
  5. ^ Notes of the operations of 21 Army Group 6 June 1944 – 5 May 1945, p. 51
  6. ^ Cite error: The named reference Devlin615 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  7. ^ Smith, p. 126
  8. ^ Rawson, p. 17
  9. ^ Harclerode, p. 551
  10. ^ Trigg 2020, p. 220.
  11. ^ Jewell, p. 27


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