Oropharyngeal dysphagia

Oropharyngeal dysphagia
Other names	Transfer dysphagia
The digestive tract, with the esophagus marked in red
Specialty	Gastroenterology, ENT surgery
Symptoms	Hesitation or inability to initiate swallowing, food sticking in the throat, nasal regurgitation, difficulty swallowing solids, frequent repetitive swallows. frequent throat clearing, hoarse voice, cough, weight loss, and recurrent pneumonia.[1]
Complications	Aspiration, chest infection, malnutrition, dehydration, and death.[2]
Causes	Stroke, head trauma, neurodegenerative diseases, muscular or neuromuscular disorders, and local or structural lesions.[1]
Diagnostic method	Clinical swallow assessment, videofluoroscopy, fibreoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing, High-resolution manometry, Functional Lumen Imaging Probe, and accelerometry.[2]
Differential diagnosis	Esophageal dysphagia and Globus sensation.[3]
Treatment	Dietary modification, manipulation of swallowing posture, or swallowing technique, thickening agents, enteral tube feeding, surgical management, and botulinum toxin injection,[4]
Frequency	6–50%[2]

Oropharyngeal dysphagia is the inability to empty material from the oropharynx into the esophagus as a result of malfunction near the esophagus.^[5] Oropharyngeal dysphagia manifests differently depending on the underlying pathology and the nature of the symptoms. Patients with dysphagia can experience feelings of food sticking to their throats, coughing and choking, weight loss, recurring chest infections, or regurgitation.^[2] Depending on the underlying cause, age, and environment, dysphagia prevalence varies. In research including the general population, the estimated frequency of oropharyngeal dysphagia has ranged from 2 to 16 percent.^[3]