PLATO (computer system)

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PLATO running a simulation of fractional distillation
Developer(s)	University of Illinois
Initial release	1960; 64 years ago (1960)
Final release	PLATO IV / 1972; 52 years ago (1972)
Operating system	NOS
Platform	ILLIAC I (PLATO I, II), CDC 1604 (PLATO III), CDC 6000 series (PLATO IV)
Available in	English
Type	Computer-assisted instruction system

PLATO (Programmed Logic for Automatic Teaching Operations),^[1][2] also known as Project Plato^[3] and Project PLATO, was the first generalized computer-assisted instruction system. Starting in 1960, it ran on the University of Illinois's ILLIAC I computer. By the late 1970s, it supported several thousand graphics terminals distributed worldwide, running on nearly a dozen different networked mainframe computers. Many modern concepts in multi-user computing were first developed on PLATO, including forums, message boards, online testing, email, chat rooms, picture languages, instant messaging, remote screen sharing, and multiplayer video games.

PLATO was designed and built by the University of Illinois and functioned for four decades, offering coursework (elementary through university) to UIUC students, local schools, prison inmates, and other universities. Courses were taught in a range of subjects, including Latin, chemistry, education, music, Esperanto, and primary mathematics. The system included a number of features useful for pedagogy, including text overlaying graphics, contextual assessment of free-text answers, depending on the inclusion of keywords, and feedback designed to respond to alternative answers.

Rights to market PLATO as a commercial product were licensed by Control Data Corporation (CDC), the manufacturer on whose mainframe computers the PLATO IV system was built. CDC President William Norris planned to make PLATO a force in the computer world, but found that marketing the system was not as easy as hoped. PLATO nevertheless built a strong following in certain markets, and the last production PLATO system was in use until 2006.