PT-91 Twardy

PT-91 Twardy
PT-91 Twardy
TypeMain battle tank
Place of origin Poland
Service history
Used bySee Users
WarsRusso-Ukrainian War
Production history
ManufacturerBumar-Łabędy[1]
No. builtAround 285[1]
Specifications
Mass45.9 tonnes
Length6.95 m (9.67 with barrel in forward position)[2]
Width3.59 m[2]
Height2.19 m[2]
Crew3

ArmorComposite armour; front and side armour laminated; front, side and top armour behind Erawa-1/Erawa-2 ERA, steel side anti-cumulative screens
Main
armament
1 × 125 mm 2A46 (D-81TM) gun (42 rounds)[3]
Secondary
armament
1 × 7.62mm PKT coaxial general-purpose machine gun (2,000 rounds)
1 × 12.7 mm NSVT heavy machine gun (300 rounds)[2]
EnginePZL-Wola S-12U diesel
850 hp (630 kW)
Power/weight18.5 hp/tonne (13.8 kW/tonne)
TransmissionManual
Suspensiontorsion-bar
Ground clearance395 mm[2]
Fuel capacity1,000 L[2]
Operational
range
650 km (700 km with extra fuel tanks)[4]
Maximum speed 60 km/h[2]
PT-91M Pendekar
PT-91M Pendekar of Malaysian Army on display
TypeMain battle tank
Place of origin Poland
Service history
Used by Malaysia
Specifications
Mass48.5 tonnes [5]
Length6.86 m[5]
(10.03 m with barrel in forward position)[5]
Width3.70 m [5]
Height2.60 m [5]
Crew3[5]

ArmorComposite armour; front and side armour laminated; front, side and top armour behind Erawa-1/Erawa-2 ERA, steel side anti-cumulative screens
Main
armament
1 × ZTS 2A46MS 125 mm gun (42 rounds)
Secondary
armament
1 × 7.62mm FN MAG coaxial general-purpose machine gun (2,000 rounds),
1 x 12.7 mm FN M2 HB anti-aircraft heavy machine gun (250 rounds)[5]
EnginePZL-Wola S-1000R diesel
1,000 hp (750 kW)[5]
Power/weight20.6 hp/t (16 kW/t)
TransmissionAutomatic RENK-SESM/ESM-350M[5]
Suspensiontorsion-bar
Ground clearance395 mm[5]
Maximum speed 70 km/h [5]

The PT-91 Twardy (Polish pronunciation: [ˈtfar.dɨ], English: Hard) is a Polish main battle tank. A development of the T-72M1, it entered service in 1995. The PT-91 was designed at the OBRUM (Ośrodek Badawczo-Rozwojowy Urządzeń Mechanicznych, or Research and Development Centre for Mechanical Appliances) and is produced by the Bumar Łabędy company,[6] part of the Bumar Group,[7] a Polish technical military consortium. Changes from the T-72M include a new dual-axis stabilized fire-control system, reactive armour, a more powerful engine, transmission and new automatic loader.

Unlike many other T-72 upgrades, Polish Army PT-91s feature elements created almost exclusively by domestic companies, including the new engine, fire control system, and all communication system elements. Many of the elements were used to upgrade existing fleets of T-72 tanks in countries including the Czech Republic (T-72M4 CZ), Georgia (T-72SIM-1), and India (T-72 Ajeya Mk. 2). A total of 232 PT-91 tanks were delivered to the Polish Land Forces: 92 newly built vehicles and 140 from refurbished T-72M and T-72M1 tanks, designated PT-91MA and PT-91MA1, respectively.[citation needed]

  1. ^ a b "PT-91 Twardy MBT (1993)". tanks-encyclopedia.com.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g ""PT-91 on Modern Tanks"". Archived from the original on 2007-12-24. Retrieved 2007-11-25.
  3. ^ "PT-91 Twardy MBT Main Battle Tank technical data pictures video | Poland Polish tanks heavy armoured vehicles UK | Poland Polish army military equipment UK". Archived from the original on 2017-04-02. Retrieved 2017-04-02.
  4. ^ ""PT-91A on Modern Tanks"". Archived from the original on 2007-12-24. Retrieved 2007-11-25.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Cite error: The named reference NTW 11/07 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  6. ^ "Zak?ady Mechaniczne Bumar ?ab?dy S.A." www.bumar.gliwice.pl. Archived from the original on 5 February 2007. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
  7. ^ "Bumar sp. Z o.o." www.bumar.com. Archived from the original on 7 September 2008. Retrieved 11 January 2022.