Pachacuti

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Pachacuti
Pachacuti, mid–18th century painting, anonymous.
Sapa Inca of the Inca Empire
Reign	1438–1471 (Rowe)
Predecessor	Viracocha
Successor	Túpac Inca Yupanqui
Born	Cusi Inca Yupanqui, 1418[1] (Bilingual Review) Cusicancha Palace, Cusco, Inca Empire, modern-day Peru
Died	1471 (Rowe) Patallacta Palace, Cusco, Inca Empire, modern-day Peru
Consort	Mama Anawarkhi or Quya Anawarkhi
Issue	Tupac Yupanqui, Amaru Topa Inca, Mama Ocllo Coya
Names Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui
Quechua	Pachakutiy Inka Yupanki
Spanish	Pachacútec/Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui
Lineage (panaka)	Iñaca Panaka, later Hatun Ayllu
Dynasty	Hanan Qusqu, moiety
Father	Viracocha Inca
Mother	Mama Runtu

Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui, also called Pachacútec (Quechua: Pachakutiy Inka Yupanki), was the ninth Sapa Inca of the Chiefdom of Cusco, which he transformed into the Inca Empire (Quechua: Tawantinsuyu). Most archaeologists now believe that the famous Inca site of Machu Picchu was built as an estate for Pachacuti.^[2]

In Quechua, the cosmogonical concept of Pachakutiy means 'the turn of the world'^[3] and Yupanki could mean 'honorable lord'.^[4] During his reign, Cusco grew from a hamlet into an empire that could compete with, and eventually overtake, the Chimú empire on the northern coast. He began an era of conquest that, within three generations, expanded the Inca dominion from the valley of Cusco to a sizeable part of western South America. According to the Inca chronicler Garcilaso de la Vega, Pachacuti created the Inti Raymi to celebrate the new year in the Andes of the Southern Hemisphere.^[5] Pachacuti is often linked to the origin and expansion of the Inti Sun Cult.^[6][7]

Accessing power following the Chanka–Inca War, Pachacuti conquered territories around Lake Titicaca and Lake Poopó in the south, parts of the eastern slopes of the Andes Mountains near the Amazon rainforest in the east, lands up to the Quito basin in the north, and lands from Tumbes to possibly the coastal regions from Nazca and Camaná to Tarapacá.^[8] These conquests were achieved with the help of many military commanders, and they initiated Inca imperial expansion in the Andes.

Pachacuti is considered by some anthropologists to be the first historical emperor of the Incas,^[9] and by others to be a mythological and cosmological representation of the beginning of the era of Inca imperial expansion.^[10]