Panama disease

Panama disease
Gros Michel banana affected by disease, Costa Rica, 1919
Common names	Panama disease Fusarium wilt of banana Vascular wilt of banana
Causal agents	Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense
Hosts	Banana
Vectors	Water, soil residues, replanting of suckers, farming tools and transport, leaf trash
EPPO Code	FUSACB
Distribution	Indonesia, China, Malaysia, Australia, the Philippines, Jordan, Vietnam, Laos, Pakistan, Lebanon, Mozambique, Oman

Panama disease (or Fusarium wilt) is a plant disease that infects banana plants (Musa spp.). It is a wilting disease caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc). The pathogen is resistant to fungicides and its control is limited to phytosanitary measures.^[1]

During the 1950s, an outbreak of Panama disease almost wiped out commercial Gros Michel banana production. The Gros Michel banana was the dominant cultivar of bananas, and Fusarium wilt inflicted enormous costs and forced producers to switch to other, disease-resistant cultivars. Since the 2010s, a new outbreak of Panama disease caused by the strain Tropical Race 4 (TR4) has threatened the production of the Cavendish banana, today's most popular cultivar.