Panchayatana puja

A Ganesha-centric Panchayatana: Ganesha (centre) with Shiva (top left), Durga or Adi Shakti (top right), Vishnu (bottom left), and Surya (bottom right).

Panchayatana puja (IAST Pañcāyatana pūjā) also known as Pancha Devi Deva Puja is a system of puja (worship) in the Smarta sampradaya, which is one of four major sampradaya of Hinduism.[1] It consists of the worship of five deities set in a quincunx pattern,[2] the five deities being Ganesha, Adi Shakti, Shiva, Vishnu and Surya.[3][4] Sometimes an Ishta Devata (any personal god of devotee's preference) or Kartikeya is the sixth deity in the mandala (see Shanmata).[1]

Panchayatana puja has been attributed to Adi Shankara, the 8th century CE Hindu philosopher.[5] It is a practice that became popular in medieval India.[1] However, archaeological evidence suggests that this practice long predates the birth of Adi Shankara. Many Panchayatana mandalas and temples have been uncovered that are from the Gupta Empire period, and one Panchayatana set from the village of Nand (about 24 kilometers from Ajmer) has been dated to belong to the Kushan Empire era (pre-300 CE).[6] The Kushan period set includes Shiva, Vishnu, Surya, Shakti and one deity whose identity is unclear.[6] According to James Harle, major Hindu temples from 1st millennium CE embed the pancayatana architecture very commonly, from Odisha to Karnataka to Kashmir; and the temples containing fusion deities such as Harihara (half Shiva, half Vishnu) are set in Panchayatana worship style.[2]

The typical arrangement of five icons or anicons in Pancayatana puja.

Philosophically, the Smarta tradition emphasizes that all murti (idols) are icons of saguna Brahman, a means to realizing the abstract Ultimate Reality called nirguna Brahman. The five or six icons are seen by Smartas as multiple representations of the one Saguna Brahman (i.e., a personal God, with form), rather than as distinct beings. The ultimate goal in this practice is to transition past the use of icons, then follow a philosophical and meditative path to understanding the oneness of Atman (soul, self) and Brahman – as "That art Thou".[5]

Depending on the tradition followed by Smarta households, one of these deities is kept in the center and the other four corners of a square surrounding it. Either an iconic idol(s) or aniconic representation(s) or a combination for each deity is used.[1] The five may be represented as simply as five kinds of stones called a Pancayatana puja set, or just five marks drawn on the floor.[5] This arrangement is also represented in Smarta Pancayatana temples found in India, with one central shrine, and four smaller shrines at the corners of a square.[1][7]

Panchayatana puja has predominantly been a tradition within Hinduism. However, the Udasis – a tradition that reveres the Guru Granth Sahib of Sikhism - also worship the five panchayatana deities.[8][9]

  1. ^ a b c d e Bühnemann, Gudrun (2003). Mandalas and Yantras in the Hindu Traditions. BRILL Academic. p. 60. ISBN 978-9004129023 – via Google Books.
  2. ^ a b Harle, James C. (1994). The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent. Yale University Press. pp. 140–142, 191, 201–203. ISBN 978-0-300-06217-5 – via archive.org.
  3. ^ Flood, Gavin D. (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge University Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0 – via archive.org.
  4. ^ Eck, Diana L. (1998). Darśan: Seeing the divine image in India. Columbia University Press. p. 49. ISBN 978-0-231-11265-9 – via Google Books.
  5. ^ a b c "The Four Denominations of Hinduism". Himalayan Academy. Basics of Hinduism. Kauai Hindu Monastery.
  6. ^ a b Asher, Frederick (1981). Joanna Gottfried Williams (ed.). Kalādarśana: American studies in the art of India. Brill Academic. pp. 1–4. ISBN 90-04-06498-2 – via Google Books.
  7. ^ Reitz, Falk (1997). Pancayatana-Komplexe in Nordindien: Entstehung, Entwicklung und regionale Besonderheiten einer indischen Architekturform [Pancayatana complexes in North India: Origin, development and regional characteristics of an Indian form of architecture] (PDF) (Ph.D. thesis) (in German). Berlin, DE: Freie Universität Berlin.
  8. ^ Lochtefeld, James G. (2002). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Vol. A–M. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 61. ISBN 978-0-8239-3179-8.
  9. ^ Singh, Pashaura & Fenech, Louis E. (2014). The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies. Oxford University Press. p. 376. ISBN 978-0-19-969930-8 – via Google Books.