Panjdeh incident

Panjdeh Incident
Part of the Russian conquest of Central Asia and The Great Game

Painting by Franz Roubaud depicting the battle
DateFebruary – 30 March 1885[a]
Location
Result Compromise[1][2]
Territorial
changes
Afghan Boundary Commission delaminates Afghan-Russian border from 1884–1888[3]
Russia cedes Zu'l Faqar but retains Panjdeh[4]
Belligerents
 Russian Empire
Commanders and leaders
Russian Empire Aleksandr Komarov [ru]
Strength
Disputed
500[5]
or 2,500[6]
or 4,000[7]
Disputed
600[6]
or 4,000[5]
or 2,000[8]
Casualties and losses
40 killed and wounded[6][b] 600 killed[9][6]
Panjdeh incident is located in Turkmenistan
Krasno- vodsk
Krasno-
vodsk
Ash- gabat
Ash-
gabat
Geok Tepe
Geok
Tepe
Bukhara
Bukhara
Khiva
Khiva
Tejend
Tejend
Serakhs
Serakhs
PuliKhatun
PuliKhatun
Zulfikar
Zulfikar
Merv
Merv
Yoloten
Yoloten
SaryYazy
SaryYazy
Panjdeh
Panjdeh
BalaMurghab
BalaMurghab
to Herat
to Herat
Panjdeh Incident on a map of modern Turkmenistan
= Hari-Rud river =Murghab river
The Tejend and Merv oases are larger than the above dots

The Panjdeh Incident (spelled Penjdeh in older accounts, and known in Russian historiography as the Battle of Kushka)[10] was an armed engagement between the Emirate of Afghanistan and the Russian Empire in 1885 that led to a diplomatic crisis between Great Britain and the Russian Empire regarding the Russian expansion south-eastwards towards the Emirate of Afghanistan and the British Raj (India). After nearly completing the Russian conquest of Central Asia (Russian Turkestan), the Russians captured an Afghan border fort, threatening British interests in the area. Seeing this as a threat to India, Britain prepared for war but both sides backed down and the matter was settled diplomatically, with the Russians and Afghans exchanging territories. The incident halted further Russian expansion in Asia, except for the Pamir Mountains, and resulted in the definition of the north-western border of Afghanistan.


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  1. ^ Lansford, Tom (2017-02-16). Afghanistan at War: From the 18th-Century Durrani Dynasty to the 21st Century. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 351. ISBN 978-1-59884-760-4.
  2. ^ Nyrop, Richard F.; Seekins, Donald M. (1986). Afghanistan: A Country Study. The Studies. p. 36.
  3. ^ Archived 2014-08-17 at the Wayback Machine
  4. ^ Lee, Jonathan (1996). The "Ancient Supremacy": Bukhara, Afghanistan and the Battle for Balkh, 1731-1901. BRILL. p. 463. ISBN 9789004103993.
  5. ^ a b c Егоршина 2023, p. 589.
  6. ^ a b c d Lansford 2017, p. 351.
  7. ^ Dowling, Timothy C. (2014-12-02). Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond [2 volumes]. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. ISBN 979-8-216-14105-1.
  8. ^ Dowling, Timothy C. (2014-12-02). Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond [2 volumes]. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. ISBN 979-8-216-14105-1.
  9. ^ Runion, Meredith L. (2017-04-24). The History of Afghanistan. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 102. ISBN 978-1-61069-778-1.
  10. ^ Mikhail Gorny. "Поход на афганцев и бой на Кушке (1885 г.)" [Campaign against the Afghans and the Battle of Kushka (1885)]. militera.lib.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 7 October 2020.