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The term party discipline is used in politics in two closely related, yet distinct, meanings.[1][2] In a broad sense (also known as party cohesion[3]), the discipline is adherence of the party members at large to an agreed system of political norms and rules. In a narrow sense, most pronounced under the Westminster model, the party discipline is an obligation of the members of parliament to vote along their party's line, with few exceptions.[4] The deviations might be countered by consequences ("whipping"[3]) that are designed to ensure the relative cohesion of members of the respective party group.[5]
- ^ Kam 2014, p. 399.
- ^ Kurian & Schultz 1997, p. 154.
- ^ a b Eggleston 1988, p. 6, Note 1.
- ^ Chadwick 2012, p. 345.
- ^ Marland, Alex (2020). Whipped: Party Discipline in Canada. Vancouver: UBC Press. ISBN 978-0774864961.