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Since the 1970s, scholars have sought to place Paul the Apostle within his historical context in Second Temple Judaism.[1] Paul's relationship to Judaism involves topics including the status of Israel's covenant with God and the role of works as a means to either gain or keep the covenant.[2]
The inclusion of Gentiles into the early Christian movement provoked a controversy between Paul and other Apostles over whether the gentiles' faith in Christ exempted them from circumcision.[2][3] Paul did not deem circumcision necessary for gentiles, because he thought that God included them into the New Covenant through faith in Christ.[2][3][4][5] This brought him into conflict with the Judaizers, a faction of the Jewish Christians who believed Mosaic Law did require circumcision for Gentile converts.[2][3][4][5][6] Eventually Paul's view prevailed, and this among other related developments led to the separation of early Christianity from Judaism.[2][3]
- ^ Dunn 1990, pp. 1–7.
- ^ a b c d e Klutz, Todd (2002) [2000]. "Part II: Christian Origins and Development – Paul and the Development of Gentile Christianity". In Esler, Philip F. (ed.). The Early Christian World. Routledge Worlds (1st ed.). New York and London: Routledge. pp. 178–190. ISBN 9781032199344.
- ^ a b c d Cross & Livingstone 2005, pp. 1243–5.
- ^ a b Dunn, James D. G. (Autumn 1993). Reinhartz, Adele (ed.). "Echoes of Intra-Jewish Polemic in Paul's Letter to the Galatians". Journal of Biblical Literature. 112 (3). Society of Biblical Literature: 459–477. doi:10.2307/3267745. ISSN 0021-9231. JSTOR 3267745.
- ^ a b Thiessen, Matthew (September 2014). Breytenbach, Cilliers; Thom, Johan (eds.). "Paul's Argument against Gentile Circumcision in Romans 2:17-29". Novum Testamentum. 56 (4). Leiden: Brill Publishers: 373–391. doi:10.1163/15685365-12341488. eISSN 1568-5365. ISSN 0048-1009. JSTOR 24735868.
- ^ Cross & Livingstone 2005, p. 912.